Stabilize const_type_id feature
The tracking issue for `const_type_id` points to the ill-fated #41875. So I'm re-energizing `TypeId` shenanigans by opening this one up to see if there's anything blocking us from stabilizing the constification of type ids.
Will wait for CI before pinging teams/groups.
-----
This PR stabilizes the `const_type_id` feature, which allows `TypeId::of` (and the underlying unstable intrinsic) to be called in constant contexts.
There are some [sanity tests](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/master/src/test/ui/consts/const-typeid-of-rpass.rs) that demonstrate its usage, but I’ve included some more below.
As a simple example, you could create a constant item that contains some type ids:
```rust
use std::any::TypeId;
const TYPE_IDS: [TypeId; 2] = [
TypeId::of::<u32>(),
TypeId::of::<i32>(),
];
assert_eq!(TypeId::of::<u32>(), TYPE_IDS[0]);
```
Type ids can also now appear in associated constants. You could create a trait that associates each type with its constant type id:
```rust
trait Any where Self: 'static {
const TYPE_ID: TypeId = TypeId::of::<Self>();
}
impl<T: 'static> Any for T { }
assert_eq!(TypeId::of::<usize>(), usize::TYPE_ID);
```
`TypeId::of` is generic, which we saw above in the way the generic `Self` argument was used. This has some implications for const evaluation. It means we can make trait impls evaluate differently depending on information that wasn't directly passed through the trait system. This violates the _parametricity_ property, which requires all instances of a generic function to behave the same way with respect to its generic parameters. That's not unique to `TypeId::of`, other generic const functions based on compiler intrinsics like `mem::align_of` can also violate parametricity. In practice Rust doesn't really have type parametricity anyway since it monomorphizes generics into concrete functions, so violating it using type ids isn’t new.
As an example of how impls can behave differently, you could combine constant type ids with the `const_if_match` feature to dispatch calls based on the type id of the generic `Self`, rather than based on information about `Self` that was threaded through trait bounds. It's like a rough-and-ready form of specialization:
```rust
#![feature(const_if_match)]
trait Specialized where Self: 'static {
// An associated constant that determines the function to call
// at compile-time based on `TypeId::of::<Self>`.
const CALL: fn(&Self) = {
const USIZE: TypeId = TypeId::of::<usize>();
match TypeId::of::<Self>() {
// Use a closure for `usize` that transmutes the generic `Self` to
// a concrete `usize` and dispatches to `Self::usize`.
USIZE => |x| Self::usize(unsafe { &*(x as *const Self as *const usize) }),
// For other types, dispatch to the generic `Self::default`.
_ => Self::default,
}
};
fn call(&self) {
// Call the function we determined at compile-time
(Self::CALL)(self)
}
fn default(x: &Self);
fn usize(x: &usize);
}
// Implement our `Specialized` trait for any `Debug` type.
impl<T: fmt::Debug + 'static> Specialized for T {
fn default(x: &Self) {
println!("default: {:?}", x);
}
fn usize(x: &usize) {
println!("usize: {:?}", x);
}
}
// Will print "usize: 42"
Specialized::call(&42usize);
// Will print "default: ()"
Specialized::call(&());
```
Type ids have some edges that this stabilization exposes to more contexts. It's possible for type ids to collide (but this is a bug). Since they can change between compiler versions, it's never valid to cast a type id to its underlying value.
Fix RefUnwindSafe & UnwinsSafe impls for lazy::SyncLazy
I *think* we should implement those unconditionally with respect to `F`.
The user code can't observe the closure in any way, and we poison lazy if the closure itself panics.
But I've never fully wrapped my head around `UnwindSafe` traits, so 🤷♂️
Add str::[r]split_once
This is useful for quick&dirty parsing of key: value config pairs. Used a bunch in Cargo and rust-analyzer:
* https://github.com/rust-lang/cargo/search?q=splitn%282&unscoped_q=splitn%282
* https://github.com/rust-analyzer/rust-analyzer/search?q=split_delim&unscoped_q=split_delim
In theory, once const-generics are done, this functionality could be achieved without a dedicated method with
```rust
match s.splitn(delimier, 2).collect_array::<2>() {
Some([prefix, suffix]) => todo!(),
None => todo!(),
}
```
Even in that world, having a dedicated method seems clearer on the intention.
I am not sure about naming -- this is something I've just came up with yesterday, I don't know off the top of my head analogs in other languages.
If T-libs thinks this is a reasonable API to have, I'll open a tracking issue and add more thorough tests.
Add #[inline] to RawWaker::new
`RawWaker::new` is used when creating a new waker or cloning an existing one,
for example as in code below. The `RawWakerVTable::new` can be const evaluated,
but `RawWaker::new` itself cannot since waker pointer is not known at compile
time. Add `#[inline]` to avoid overhead of a function call.
```rust
unsafe fn clone_waker<W: Wake + Send + Sync + 'static>(waker: *const ()) -> RawWaker {
unsafe { Arc::incr_strong_count(waker as *const W) };
RawWaker::new(
waker as *const (),
&RawWakerVTable::new(clone_waker::<W>, wake::<W>, wake_by_ref::<W>, drop_waker::<W>),
)
}
```
This commit is a proof-of-concept for switching the standard library's
backtrace symbolication mechanism on most platforms from libbacktrace to
gimli. The standard library's support for `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` requires
in-process parsing of object files and DWARF debug information to
interpret it and print the filename/line number of stack frames as part
of a backtrace.
Historically this support in the standard library has come from a
library called "libbacktrace". The libbacktrace library seems to have
been extracted from gcc at some point and is written in C. We've had a
lot of issues with libbacktrace over time, unfortunately, though. The
library does not appear to be actively maintained since we've had
patches sit for months-to-years without comments. We have discovered a
good number of soundness issues with the library itself, both when
parsing valid DWARF as well as invalid DWARF. This is enough of an issue
that the libs team has previously decided that we cannot feed untrusted
inputs to libbacktrace. This also doesn't take into account the
portability of libbacktrace which has been difficult to manage and
maintain over time. While possible there are lots of exceptions and it's
the main C dependency of the standard library right now.
For years it's been the desire to switch over to a Rust-based solution
for symbolicating backtraces. It's been assumed that we'll be using the
Gimli family of crates for this purpose, which are targeted at safely
and efficiently parsing DWARF debug information. I've been working
recently to shore up the Gimli support in the `backtrace` crate. As of a
few weeks ago the `backtrace` crate, by default, uses Gimli when loaded
from crates.io. This transition has gone well enough that I figured it
was time to start talking seriously about this change to the standard
library.
This commit is a preview of what's probably the best way to integrate
the `backtrace` crate into the standard library with the Gimli feature
turned on. While today it's used as a crates.io dependency, this commit
switches the `backtrace` crate to a submodule of this repository which
will need to be updated manually. This is not done lightly, but is
thought to be the best solution. The primary reason for this is that the
`backtrace` crate needs to do some pretty nontrivial filesystem
interactions to locate debug information. Working without `std::fs` is
not an option, and while it might be possible to do some sort of
trait-based solution when prototyped it was found to be too unergonomic.
Using a submodule allows the `backtrace` crate to build as a submodule
of the `std` crate itself, enabling it to use `std::fs` and such.
Otherwise this adds new dependencies to the standard library. This step
requires extra attention because this means that these crates are now
going to be included with all Rust programs by default. It's important
to note, however, that we're already shipping libbacktrace with all Rust
programs by default and it has a bunch of C code implementing all of
this internally anyway, so we're basically already switching
already-shipping functionality to Rust from C.
* `object` - this crate is used to parse object file headers and
contents. Very low-level support is used from this crate and almost
all of it is disabled. Largely we're just using struct definitions as
well as convenience methods internally to read bytes and such.
* `addr2line` - this is the main meat of the implementation for
symbolication. This crate depends on `gimli` for DWARF parsing and
then provides interfaces needed by the `backtrace` crate to turn an
address into a filename / line number. This crate is actually pretty
small (fits in a single file almost!) and mirrors most of what
`dwarf.c` does for libbacktrace.
* `miniz_oxide` - the libbacktrace crate transparently handles
compressed debug information which is compressed with zlib. This crate
is used to decompress compressed debug sections.
* `gimli` - not actually used directly, but a dependency of `addr2line`.
* `adler32`- not used directly either, but a dependency of
`miniz_oxide`.
The goal of this change is to improve the safety of backtrace
symbolication in the standard library, especially in the face of
possibly malformed DWARF debug information. Even to this day we're still
seeing segfaults in libbacktrace which could possibly become security
vulnerabilities. This change should almost entirely eliminate this
possibility whilc also paving the way forward to adding more features
like split debug information.
Some references for those interested are:
* Original addition of libbacktrace - #12602
* OOM with libbacktrace - #24231
* Backtrace failure due to use of uninitialized value - #28447
* Possibility to feed untrusted data to libbacktrace - #21889
* Soundness fix for libbacktrace - #33729
* Crash in libbacktrace - #39468
* Support for macOS, never merged - ianlancetaylor/libbacktrace#2
* Performance issues with libbacktrace - #29293, #37477
* Update procedure is quite complicated due to how many patches we
need to carry - #50955
* Libbacktrace doesn't work on MinGW with dynamic libs - #71060
* Segfault in libbacktrace on macOS - #71397
Switching to Rust will not make us immune to all of these issues. The
crashes are expected to go away, but correctness and performance may
still have bugs arise. The gimli and `backtrace` crates, however, are
actively maintained unlike libbacktrace, so this should enable us to at
least efficiently apply fixes as situations come up.
This commit updates the src/stdarch submodule primarily to include
rust-lang/stdarch#874 which updated and revamped WebAssembly SIMD
intrinsics and renamed WebAssembly atomics intrinsics. This is all
unstable surface area of the standard library so the changes should be
ok here. The SIMD updates also enable SIMD intrinsics to be used by any
program any any time, yay!
cc #74372, a tracking issue I've opened for the stabilization of SIMD
intrinsics
This has already been done for `SocketAddrV4`, `SocketAddrV6`,
`IpAddrV4` and `IpAddrV6`. I don't see a point to keep the rather bad
to read derived impl, especially when pretty printing:
V4(
127.0.0.1
)
From the `Display`, one can easily and unambiguously see if it's V4 or
V6. Using `Display` as `Debug` is very convenient for configuration
structs (e.g. for webservers) that often just have a `derive(Debug)`
and are printed that way to the user.
