diff --git a/examples/fullscreen-shell.c b/examples/fullscreen-shell.c
index ff8f60c1c..f75256f2d 100644
--- a/examples/fullscreen-shell.c
+++ b/examples/fullscreen-shell.c
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ struct fullscreen_output {
 
 struct render_data {
 	struct wlr_output *output;
-	struct wlr_renderer *renderer;
+	struct wlr_render_pass *render_pass;
 	struct timespec *when;
 };
 
@@ -68,13 +68,14 @@ static void render_surface(struct wlr_surface *surface,
 		.height = surface->current.height * output->scale,
 	};
 
-	float matrix[9];
-	enum wl_output_transform transform =
-		wlr_output_transform_invert(surface->current.transform);
-	wlr_matrix_project_box(matrix, &box, transform, 0,
-		output->transform_matrix);
+	enum wl_output_transform transform = wlr_output_transform_invert(surface->current.transform);
+	transform = wlr_output_transform_compose(transform, output->transform);
 
-	wlr_render_texture_with_matrix(rdata->renderer, texture, matrix, 1);
+	wlr_render_pass_add_texture(rdata->render_pass, &(struct wlr_render_texture_options){
+		.texture = texture,
+		.dst_box = box,
+		.transform = transform,
+	});
 
 	wlr_surface_send_frame_done(surface, rdata->when);
 }
@@ -82,33 +83,35 @@ static void render_surface(struct wlr_surface *surface,
 static void output_handle_frame(struct wl_listener *listener, void *data) {
 	struct fullscreen_output *output =
 		wl_container_of(listener, output, frame);
-	struct wlr_renderer *renderer = output->server->renderer;
 
 	struct timespec now;
 	clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &now);
 	int width, height;
 	wlr_output_effective_resolution(output->wlr_output, &width, &height);
 
-	if (!wlr_output_attach_render(output->wlr_output, NULL)) {
+	struct wlr_output_state state = {0};
+	struct wlr_render_pass *pass = wlr_output_begin_render_pass(output->wlr_output, &state, NULL);
+	if (pass == NULL) {
 		return;
 	}
 
-	wlr_renderer_begin(renderer, width, height);
-
-	float color[4] = {0.3, 0.3, 0.3, 1.0};
-	wlr_renderer_clear(renderer, color);
+	wlr_render_pass_add_rect(pass, &(struct wlr_render_rect_options){
+		.color = { 0.3, 0.3, 0.3, 1.0 },
+		.box = { .width = width, .height = height },
+	});
 
 	if (output->surface != NULL) {
 		struct render_data rdata = {
 			.output = output->wlr_output,
-			.renderer = renderer,
+			.render_pass = pass,
 			.when = &now,
 		};
 		wlr_surface_for_each_surface(output->surface, render_surface, &rdata);
 	}
 
-	wlr_renderer_end(renderer);
-	wlr_output_commit(output->wlr_output);
+	wlr_render_pass_submit(pass);
+	wlr_output_commit_state(output->wlr_output, &state);
+	wlr_output_state_finish(&state);
 }
 
 static void output_set_surface(struct fullscreen_output *output,
diff --git a/examples/output-layers.c b/examples/output-layers.c
index 69c97b11a..0c53a18ee 100644
--- a/examples/output-layers.c
+++ b/examples/output-layers.c
@@ -64,7 +64,6 @@ struct output {
 
 static void output_handle_frame(struct wl_listener *listener, void *data) {
 	struct output *output = wl_container_of(listener, output, frame);
-	struct wlr_renderer *renderer = output->server->renderer;
 
 	struct wl_array layers_arr = {0};
 	struct output_surface *output_surface;
@@ -91,15 +90,16 @@ static void output_handle_frame(struct wl_listener *listener, void *data) {
 		return;
 	}
 
-	if (!wlr_output_attach_render(output->wlr_output, NULL)) {
-		wlr_log(WLR_ERROR, "wlr_output_attach_render() failed");
-		return;
-	}
-
 	int width, height;
 	wlr_output_effective_resolution(output->wlr_output, &width, &height);
-	wlr_renderer_begin(renderer, width, height);
-	wlr_renderer_clear(renderer, (float[4]){ 0.3, 0.3, 0.3, 1.0 });
+
+	struct wlr_output_state output_state = {0};
+	struct wlr_render_pass *pass = wlr_output_begin_render_pass(output->wlr_output, &output_state, NULL);
+
+	wlr_render_pass_add_rect(pass, &(struct wlr_render_rect_options){
+		.box = { .width = width, .height = height },
+		.color = { 0.3, 0.3, 0.3, 1 },
+	});
 
 	size_t i = 0;
 	struct wlr_output_layer_state *layers = layers_arr.data;
@@ -118,13 +118,16 @@ static void output_handle_frame(struct wl_listener *listener, void *data) {
 			continue;
 		}
 
-		wlr_render_texture(renderer, texture, output->wlr_output->transform_matrix,
-			output_surface->x, output_surface->y, 1.0);
+		wlr_render_pass_add_texture(pass, &(struct wlr_render_texture_options){
+			.texture = texture,
+			.dst_box = { .x = output_surface->x, .y = output_surface->y },
+		});
 	}
 
-	wlr_renderer_end(renderer);
+	wlr_render_pass_submit(pass);
 
-	wlr_output_commit(output->wlr_output);
+	wlr_output_commit_state(output->wlr_output, &output_state);
+	wlr_output_state_finish(&output_state);
 
 	struct timespec now;
 	clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &now);
diff --git a/examples/output-layout.c b/examples/output-layout.c
index 8a40e83f7..d35d933d0 100644
--- a/examples/output-layout.c
+++ b/examples/output-layout.c
@@ -112,14 +112,15 @@ static void animate_cat(struct sample_state *sample,
 static void output_frame_notify(struct wl_listener *listener, void *data) {
 	struct sample_output *output = wl_container_of(listener, output, frame);
 	struct sample_state *sample = output->sample;
-	struct timespec ts;
-	clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &ts);
-
 	struct wlr_output *wlr_output = output->output;
 
-	wlr_output_attach_render(wlr_output, NULL);
-	wlr_renderer_begin(sample->renderer, wlr_output->width, wlr_output->height);
-	wlr_renderer_clear(sample->renderer, (float[]){0.25f, 0.25f, 0.25f, 1});
+	struct wlr_output_state output_state = {0};
+	struct wlr_render_pass *pass = wlr_output_begin_render_pass(wlr_output, &output_state, NULL);
+
+	wlr_render_pass_add_rect(pass, &(struct wlr_render_rect_options){
+		.box = { .width = wlr_output->width, .height = wlr_output->height },
+		.color = { 0.25, 0.25, 0.25, 1 },
+	});
 
 	animate_cat(sample, output->output);
 
@@ -134,12 +135,15 @@ static void output_frame_notify(struct wl_listener *listener, void *data) {
 		wlr_output_layout_output_coords(sample->layout, output->output,
 			&local_x, &local_y);
 
-		wlr_render_texture(sample->renderer, sample->cat_texture,
-			wlr_output->transform_matrix, local_x, local_y, 1.0f);
+		wlr_render_pass_add_texture(pass, &(struct wlr_render_texture_options){
+			.texture = sample->cat_texture,
+			.dst_box = box,
+		});
 	}
 
-	wlr_renderer_end(sample->renderer);
-	wlr_output_commit(wlr_output);
+	wlr_render_pass_submit(pass);
+	wlr_output_commit_state(wlr_output, &output_state);
+	wlr_output_state_finish(&output_state);
 }
 
 static void update_velocities(struct sample_state *sample,
diff --git a/examples/pointer.c b/examples/pointer.c
index 1bbe0d1e9..10c130abd 100644
--- a/examples/pointer.c
+++ b/examples/pointer.c
@@ -101,12 +101,21 @@ static void output_frame_notify(struct wl_listener *listener, void *data) {
 	struct wlr_renderer *renderer = state->renderer;
 	assert(renderer);
 
-	wlr_output_attach_render(wlr_output, NULL);
-	wlr_renderer_begin(renderer, wlr_output->width, wlr_output->height);
-	wlr_renderer_clear(renderer, state->clear_color);
-	wlr_output_render_software_cursors(wlr_output, NULL);
-	wlr_renderer_end(renderer);
-	wlr_output_commit(wlr_output);
+	struct wlr_output_state output_state = {0};
+	struct wlr_render_pass *pass = wlr_output_begin_render_pass(wlr_output, &output_state, NULL);
+	wlr_render_pass_add_rect(pass, &(struct wlr_render_rect_options){
+		.box = { .width = wlr_output->width, .height = wlr_output->height },
+		.color = {
+			state->clear_color[0],
+			state->clear_color[1],
+			state->clear_color[2],
+			state->clear_color[3],
+		},
+	});
+	wlr_output_add_software_cursors_to_render_pass(wlr_output, pass, NULL);
+	wlr_render_pass_submit(pass);
+	wlr_output_commit_state(wlr_output, &output_state);
+	wlr_output_state_finish(&output_state);
 }
 
 static void handle_cursor_motion(struct wl_listener *listener, void *data) {
diff --git a/examples/rotation.c b/examples/rotation.c
index 33a4ac862..863c12866 100644
--- a/examples/rotation.c
+++ b/examples/rotation.c
@@ -59,19 +59,27 @@ static void output_frame_notify(struct wl_listener *listener, void *data) {
 	int32_t width, height;
 	wlr_output_effective_resolution(wlr_output, &width, &height);
 
-	wlr_output_attach_render(wlr_output, NULL);
-	wlr_renderer_begin(sample->renderer, wlr_output->width, wlr_output->height);
-	wlr_renderer_clear(sample->renderer, (float[]){0.25f, 0.25f, 0.25f, 1});
+	struct wlr_output_state output_state = {0};
+	struct wlr_render_pass *pass = wlr_output_begin_render_pass(wlr_output, &output_state, NULL);
+
+	wlr_render_pass_add_rect(pass, &(struct wlr_render_rect_options){
+		.box = { .width = wlr_output->width, .height = wlr_output->height },
+		.color = { 0.25, 0.25, 0.25, 1 },
+	});
 
 	for (int y = -128 + (int)sample_output->y_offs; y < height; y += 128) {
 		for (int x = -128 + (int)sample_output->x_offs; x < width; x += 128) {
-			wlr_render_texture(sample->renderer, sample->cat_texture,
-				wlr_output->transform_matrix, x, y, 1.0f);
+			wlr_render_pass_add_texture(pass, &(struct wlr_render_texture_options){
+				.texture = sample->cat_texture,
+				.dst_box = { .x = x, .y = y },
+				.transform = wlr_output->transform,
+			});
 		}
 	}
 
-	wlr_renderer_end(sample->renderer);
-	wlr_output_commit(wlr_output);
+	wlr_render_pass_submit(pass);
+	wlr_output_commit_state(wlr_output, &output_state);
+	wlr_output_state_finish(&output_state);
 
 	long ms = (now.tv_sec - sample->last_frame.tv_sec) * 1000 +
 		(now.tv_nsec - sample->last_frame.tv_nsec) / 1000000;
diff --git a/examples/simple.c b/examples/simple.c
index 68308c7fe..c4cd731bd 100644
--- a/examples/simple.c
+++ b/examples/simple.c
@@ -62,14 +62,21 @@ static void output_frame_notify(struct wl_listener *listener, void *data) {
 		sample->dec = inc;
 	}
 
-	wlr_output_attach_render(wlr_output, NULL);
+	struct wlr_output_state state = {0};
+	struct wlr_render_pass *pass = wlr_output_begin_render_pass(wlr_output, &state, NULL);
+	wlr_render_pass_add_rect(pass, &(struct wlr_render_rect_options){
+		.box = { .width = wlr_output->width, .height = wlr_output->height },
+		.color = {
+			.r = sample->color[0],
+			.g = sample->color[1],
+			.b = sample->color[2],
+			.a = sample->color[3],
+		},
+	});
+	wlr_render_pass_submit(pass);
 
-	struct wlr_renderer *renderer = sample->renderer;
-	wlr_renderer_begin(renderer, wlr_output->width, wlr_output->height);
-	wlr_renderer_clear(renderer, sample->color);
-	wlr_renderer_end(renderer);
-
-	wlr_output_commit(wlr_output);
+	wlr_output_commit_state(wlr_output, &state);
+	wlr_output_state_finish(&state);
 	sample->last_frame = now;
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/tablet.c b/examples/tablet.c
index 3e18636ad..23b24b0bd 100644
--- a/examples/tablet.c
+++ b/examples/tablet.c
@@ -87,9 +87,13 @@ static void output_frame_notify(struct wl_listener *listener, void *data) {
 	int32_t width, height;
 	wlr_output_effective_resolution(wlr_output, &width, &height);
 
-	wlr_output_attach_render(wlr_output, NULL);
-	wlr_renderer_begin(sample->renderer, wlr_output->width, wlr_output->height);
-	wlr_renderer_clear(sample->renderer, (float[]){0.25f, 0.25f, 0.25f, 1});
+	struct wlr_output_state output_state = {0};
+	struct wlr_render_pass *pass = wlr_output_begin_render_pass(wlr_output, &output_state, NULL);
+
+	wlr_render_pass_add_rect(pass, &(struct wlr_render_rect_options){
+		.box = { .width = wlr_output->width, .height = wlr_output->height },
+		.color = { 0.25, 0.25, 0.25, 1 },
+	});
 
 	float distance = 0.8f * (1 - sample->distance);
 	float tool_color[4] = { distance, distance, distance, 1 };
@@ -108,6 +112,20 @@ static void output_frame_notify(struct wl_listener *listener, void *data) {
 	};
 	wlr_render_rect(sample->renderer, &box, sample->pad_color,
 		wlr_output->transform_matrix);
+	wlr_render_pass_add_rect(pass, &(struct wlr_render_rect_options){
+		.box = {
+			.x = left,
+			.y = top,
+			.width = pad_width,
+			.height = pad_height,
+		},
+		.color = {
+			sample->pad_color[0],
+			sample->pad_color[1],
+			sample->pad_color[2],
+			sample->pad_color[3],
+		},
+	});
 
 	if (sample->proximity) {
 		struct wlr_box box = {
@@ -116,21 +134,36 @@ static void output_frame_notify(struct wl_listener *listener, void *data) {
 			.width = 16 * (sample->pressure + 1),
 			.height = 16 * (sample->pressure + 1),
 		};
-		float matrix[9];
-		wlr_matrix_project_box(matrix, &box, WL_OUTPUT_TRANSFORM_NORMAL,
-			sample->ring, wlr_output->transform_matrix);
-		wlr_render_quad_with_matrix(sample->renderer, tool_color, matrix);
+
+		// TODO: use sample->ring
+		wlr_render_pass_add_rect(pass, &(struct wlr_render_rect_options){
+			.box = box,
+			.color = {
+				tool_color[0],
+				tool_color[1],
+				tool_color[2],
+				tool_color[3],
+			},
+		});
 
 		box.x += sample->x_tilt;
 		box.y += sample->y_tilt;
 		box.width /= 2;
 		box.height /= 2;
-		wlr_render_rect(sample->renderer, &box, tool_color,
-			wlr_output->transform_matrix);
+		wlr_render_pass_add_rect(pass, &(struct wlr_render_rect_options){
+			.box = box,
+			.color = {
+				tool_color[0],
+				tool_color[1],
+				tool_color[2],
+				tool_color[3],
+			},
+		});
 	}
 
-	wlr_renderer_end(sample->renderer);
-	wlr_output_commit(wlr_output);
+	wlr_render_pass_submit(pass);
+	wlr_output_commit_state(wlr_output, &output_state);
+	wlr_output_state_finish(&output_state);
 	sample->last_frame = now;
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/touch.c b/examples/touch.c
index 7a9002e17..0379482c1 100644
--- a/examples/touch.c
+++ b/examples/touch.c
@@ -76,20 +76,26 @@ static void output_frame_notify(struct wl_listener *listener, void *data) {
 	int32_t width, height;
 	wlr_output_effective_resolution(wlr_output, &width, &height);
 
-	wlr_output_attach_render(wlr_output, NULL);
-	wlr_renderer_begin(sample->renderer, wlr_output->width, wlr_output->height);
-	wlr_renderer_clear(sample->renderer, (float[]){0.25f, 0.25f, 0.25f, 1});
+	struct wlr_output_state output_state = {0};
+	struct wlr_render_pass *pass = wlr_output_begin_render_pass(wlr_output, &output_state, NULL);
+	wlr_render_pass_add_rect(pass, &(struct wlr_render_rect_options){
+		.box = { .width = width, .height = height },
+		.color = { 0.25, 0.25, 0.25, 1 },
+	});
 
 	struct touch_point *p;
 	wl_list_for_each(p, &sample->touch_points, link) {
 		int x = (int)(p->x * width) - sample->cat_texture->width / 2;
 		int y = (int)(p->y * height) - sample->cat_texture->height / 2;
-		wlr_render_texture(sample->renderer, sample->cat_texture,
-			wlr_output->transform_matrix, x, y, 1.0f);
+		wlr_render_pass_add_texture(pass, &(struct wlr_render_texture_options){
+			.texture = sample->cat_texture,
+			.dst_box = { .x = x, .y = y },
+		});
 	}
 
-	wlr_renderer_end(sample->renderer);
-	wlr_output_commit(wlr_output);
+	wlr_render_pass_submit(pass);
+	wlr_output_commit_state(wlr_output, &output_state);
+	wlr_output_state_finish(&output_state);
 	sample->last_frame = now;
 }