diff --git a/backend/drm/drm.c b/backend/drm/drm.c
index af7e7836f..2caa0ef01 100644
--- a/backend/drm/drm.c
+++ b/backend/drm/drm.c
@@ -459,24 +459,24 @@ static bool drm_connector_set_pending_fb(struct wlr_drm_connector *conn,
 
 static bool drm_connector_alloc_crtc(struct wlr_drm_connector *conn);
 
-static bool drm_connector_test(struct wlr_output *output) {
+static bool drm_connector_test(struct wlr_output *output,
+		const struct wlr_output_state *state) {
 	struct wlr_drm_connector *conn = get_drm_connector_from_output(output);
 
 	if (!conn->backend->session->active) {
 		return false;
 	}
 
-	uint32_t unsupported = output->pending.committed & ~SUPPORTED_OUTPUT_STATE;
+	uint32_t unsupported = state->committed & ~SUPPORTED_OUTPUT_STATE;
 	if (unsupported != 0) {
 		wlr_log(WLR_DEBUG, "Unsupported output state fields: 0x%"PRIx32,
 			unsupported);
 		return false;
 	}
 
-	if ((output->pending.committed & WLR_OUTPUT_STATE_ENABLED) &&
-			output->pending.enabled) {
+	if ((state->committed & WLR_OUTPUT_STATE_ENABLED) && state->enabled) {
 		if (output->current_mode == NULL &&
-				!(output->pending.committed & WLR_OUTPUT_STATE_MODE)) {
+				!(state->committed & WLR_OUTPUT_STATE_MODE)) {
 			wlr_drm_conn_log(conn, WLR_DEBUG,
 				"Can't enable an output without a mode");
 			return false;
@@ -484,12 +484,12 @@ static bool drm_connector_test(struct wlr_output *output) {
 	}
 
 	struct wlr_drm_connector_state pending = {0};
-	drm_connector_state_init(&pending, conn, &output->pending);
+	drm_connector_state_init(&pending, conn, state);
 
 	if (pending.active) {
-		if ((output->pending.committed &
+		if ((state->committed &
 				(WLR_OUTPUT_STATE_ENABLED | WLR_OUTPUT_STATE_MODE)) &&
-				!(output->pending.committed & WLR_OUTPUT_STATE_BUFFER)) {
+				!(state->committed & WLR_OUTPUT_STATE_BUFFER)) {
 			wlr_drm_conn_log(conn, WLR_DEBUG,
 				"Can't enable an output without a buffer");
 			return false;
@@ -514,7 +514,7 @@ static bool drm_connector_test(struct wlr_output *output) {
 		return true;
 	}
 
-	if (output->pending.committed & WLR_OUTPUT_STATE_BUFFER) {
+	if (state->committed & WLR_OUTPUT_STATE_BUFFER) {
 		if (!drm_connector_set_pending_fb(conn, pending.base)) {
 			return false;
 		}
@@ -597,14 +597,15 @@ bool drm_connector_commit_state(struct wlr_drm_connector *conn,
 	return true;
 }
 
-static bool drm_connector_commit(struct wlr_output *output) {
+static bool drm_connector_commit(struct wlr_output *output,
+		const struct wlr_output_state *state) {
 	struct wlr_drm_connector *conn = get_drm_connector_from_output(output);
 
-	if (!drm_connector_test(output)) {
+	if (!drm_connector_test(output, state)) {
 		return false;
 	}
 
-	return drm_connector_commit_state(conn, &output->pending);
+	return drm_connector_commit_state(conn, state);
 }
 
 size_t drm_crtc_get_gamma_lut_size(struct wlr_drm_backend *drm,
diff --git a/backend/headless/output.c b/backend/headless/output.c
index 824a265e0..2ce15a16c 100644
--- a/backend/headless/output.c
+++ b/backend/headless/output.c
@@ -29,40 +29,41 @@ static bool output_set_custom_mode(struct wlr_headless_output *output,
 	return true;
 }
 
-static bool output_test(struct wlr_output *wlr_output) {
-	uint32_t unsupported =
-		wlr_output->pending.committed & ~SUPPORTED_OUTPUT_STATE;
+static bool output_test(struct wlr_output *wlr_output,
+		const struct wlr_output_state *state) {
+	uint32_t unsupported = state->committed & ~SUPPORTED_OUTPUT_STATE;
 	if (unsupported != 0) {
 		wlr_log(WLR_DEBUG, "Unsupported output state fields: 0x%"PRIx32,
 			unsupported);
 		return false;
 	}
 
-	if (wlr_output->pending.committed & WLR_OUTPUT_STATE_MODE) {
-		assert(wlr_output->pending.mode_type == WLR_OUTPUT_STATE_MODE_CUSTOM);
+	if (state->committed & WLR_OUTPUT_STATE_MODE) {
+		assert(state->mode_type == WLR_OUTPUT_STATE_MODE_CUSTOM);
 	}
 
 	return true;
 }
 
-static bool output_commit(struct wlr_output *wlr_output) {
+static bool output_commit(struct wlr_output *wlr_output,
+		const struct wlr_output_state *state) {
 	struct wlr_headless_output *output =
 		headless_output_from_output(wlr_output);
 
-	if (!output_test(wlr_output)) {
+	if (!output_test(wlr_output, state)) {
 		return false;
 	}
 
-	if (wlr_output->pending.committed & WLR_OUTPUT_STATE_MODE) {
+	if (state->committed & WLR_OUTPUT_STATE_MODE) {
 		if (!output_set_custom_mode(output,
-				wlr_output->pending.custom_mode.width,
-				wlr_output->pending.custom_mode.height,
-				wlr_output->pending.custom_mode.refresh)) {
+				state->custom_mode.width,
+				state->custom_mode.height,
+				state->custom_mode.refresh)) {
 			return false;
 		}
 	}
 
-	if (wlr_output->pending.committed & WLR_OUTPUT_STATE_BUFFER) {
+	if (state->committed & WLR_OUTPUT_STATE_BUFFER) {
 		struct wlr_output_event_present present_event = {
 			.commit_seq = wlr_output->commit_seq + 1,
 			.presented = true,
diff --git a/backend/wayland/output.c b/backend/wayland/output.c
index 87b8ca1f6..baa25bc37 100644
--- a/backend/wayland/output.c
+++ b/backend/wayland/output.c
@@ -240,48 +240,49 @@ static struct wlr_wl_buffer *get_or_create_wl_buffer(struct wlr_wl_backend *wl,
 	return create_wl_buffer(wl, wlr_buffer);
 }
 
-static bool output_test(struct wlr_output *wlr_output) {
+static bool output_test(struct wlr_output *wlr_output,
+		const struct wlr_output_state *state) {
 	struct wlr_wl_output *output =
 		get_wl_output_from_output(wlr_output);
 
-	uint32_t unsupported =
-		wlr_output->pending.committed & ~SUPPORTED_OUTPUT_STATE;
+	uint32_t unsupported = state->committed & ~SUPPORTED_OUTPUT_STATE;
 	if (unsupported != 0) {
 		wlr_log(WLR_DEBUG, "Unsupported output state fields: 0x%"PRIx32,
 			unsupported);
 		return false;
 	}
 
-	if (wlr_output->pending.committed & WLR_OUTPUT_STATE_MODE) {
-		assert(wlr_output->pending.mode_type == WLR_OUTPUT_STATE_MODE_CUSTOM);
+	if (state->committed & WLR_OUTPUT_STATE_MODE) {
+		assert(state->mode_type == WLR_OUTPUT_STATE_MODE_CUSTOM);
 	}
 
-	if ((wlr_output->pending.committed & WLR_OUTPUT_STATE_BUFFER) &&
-			!test_buffer(output->backend, wlr_output->pending.buffer)) {
+	if ((state->committed & WLR_OUTPUT_STATE_BUFFER) &&
+			!test_buffer(output->backend, state->buffer)) {
 		return false;
 	}
 
 	return true;
 }
 
-static bool output_commit(struct wlr_output *wlr_output) {
+static bool output_commit(struct wlr_output *wlr_output,
+		const struct wlr_output_state *state) {
 	struct wlr_wl_output *output =
 		get_wl_output_from_output(wlr_output);
 
-	if (!output_test(wlr_output)) {
+	if (!output_test(wlr_output, state)) {
 		return false;
 	}
 
-	if (wlr_output->pending.committed & WLR_OUTPUT_STATE_MODE) {
+	if (state->committed & WLR_OUTPUT_STATE_MODE) {
 		if (!output_set_custom_mode(wlr_output,
-				wlr_output->pending.custom_mode.width,
-				wlr_output->pending.custom_mode.height,
-				wlr_output->pending.custom_mode.refresh)) {
+				state->custom_mode.width,
+				state->custom_mode.height,
+				state->custom_mode.refresh)) {
 			return false;
 		}
 	}
 
-	if (wlr_output->pending.committed & WLR_OUTPUT_STATE_BUFFER) {
+	if (state->committed & WLR_OUTPUT_STATE_BUFFER) {
 		struct wp_presentation_feedback *wp_feedback = NULL;
 		if (output->backend->presentation != NULL) {
 			wp_feedback = wp_presentation_feedback(output->backend->presentation,
@@ -289,8 +290,8 @@ static bool output_commit(struct wlr_output *wlr_output) {
 		}
 
 		pixman_region32_t *damage = NULL;
-		if (wlr_output->pending.committed & WLR_OUTPUT_STATE_DAMAGE) {
-			damage = &wlr_output->pending.damage;
+		if (state->committed & WLR_OUTPUT_STATE_DAMAGE) {
+			damage = (pixman_region32_t *) &state->damage;
 		}
 
 		if (output->frame_callback != NULL) {
@@ -301,7 +302,7 @@ static bool output_commit(struct wlr_output *wlr_output) {
 		output->frame_callback = wl_surface_frame(output->surface);
 		wl_callback_add_listener(output->frame_callback, &frame_listener, output);
 
-		struct wlr_buffer *wlr_buffer = wlr_output->pending.buffer;
+		struct wlr_buffer *wlr_buffer = state->buffer;
 		struct wlr_wl_buffer *buffer =
 			get_or_create_wl_buffer(output->backend, wlr_buffer);
 		if (buffer == NULL) {
diff --git a/backend/x11/output.c b/backend/x11/output.c
index ba34fef77..3a599023d 100644
--- a/backend/x11/output.c
+++ b/backend/x11/output.c
@@ -104,17 +104,17 @@ static void output_destroy(struct wlr_output *wlr_output) {
 	free(output);
 }
 
-static bool output_test(struct wlr_output *wlr_output) {
-	uint32_t unsupported =
-		wlr_output->pending.committed & ~SUPPORTED_OUTPUT_STATE;
+static bool output_test(struct wlr_output *wlr_output,
+		const struct wlr_output_state *state) {
+	uint32_t unsupported = state->committed & ~SUPPORTED_OUTPUT_STATE;
 	if (unsupported != 0) {
 		wlr_log(WLR_DEBUG, "Unsupported output state fields: 0x%"PRIx32,
 			unsupported);
 		return false;
 	}
 
-	if (wlr_output->pending.committed & WLR_OUTPUT_STATE_MODE) {
-		assert(wlr_output->pending.mode_type == WLR_OUTPUT_STATE_MODE_CUSTOM);
+	if (state->committed & WLR_OUTPUT_STATE_MODE) {
+		assert(state->mode_type == WLR_OUTPUT_STATE_MODE_CUSTOM);
 	}
 
 	return true;
@@ -257,10 +257,11 @@ static struct wlr_x11_buffer *get_or_create_x11_buffer(
 	return create_x11_buffer(output, wlr_buffer);
 }
 
-static bool output_commit_buffer(struct wlr_x11_output *output) {
+static bool output_commit_buffer(struct wlr_x11_output *output,
+		const struct wlr_output_state *state) {
 	struct wlr_x11_backend *x11 = output->x11;
 
-	struct wlr_buffer *buffer = output->wlr_output.pending.buffer;
+	struct wlr_buffer *buffer = state->buffer;
 	struct wlr_x11_buffer *x11_buffer =
 		get_or_create_x11_buffer(output, buffer);
 	if (!x11_buffer) {
@@ -268,8 +269,9 @@ static bool output_commit_buffer(struct wlr_x11_output *output) {
 	}
 
 	xcb_xfixes_region_t region = XCB_NONE;
-	if (output->wlr_output.pending.committed & WLR_OUTPUT_STATE_DAMAGE) {
-		pixman_region32_union(&output->exposed, &output->exposed, &output->wlr_output.pending.damage);
+	if (state->committed & WLR_OUTPUT_STATE_DAMAGE) {
+		pixman_region32_union(&output->exposed, &output->exposed,
+			(pixman_region32_t *) &state->damage);
 
 		int rects_len = 0;
 		pixman_box32_t *rects = pixman_region32_rectangles(&output->exposed, &rects_len);
@@ -315,26 +317,27 @@ error:
 	return false;
 }
 
-static bool output_commit(struct wlr_output *wlr_output) {
+static bool output_commit(struct wlr_output *wlr_output,
+		const struct wlr_output_state *state) {
 	struct wlr_x11_output *output = get_x11_output_from_output(wlr_output);
 	struct wlr_x11_backend *x11 = output->x11;
 
-	if (!output_test(wlr_output)) {
+	if (!output_test(wlr_output, state)) {
 		return false;
 	}
 
-	if (wlr_output->pending.committed & WLR_OUTPUT_STATE_MODE) {
+	if (state->committed & WLR_OUTPUT_STATE_MODE) {
 		if (!output_set_custom_mode(wlr_output,
-				wlr_output->pending.custom_mode.width,
-				wlr_output->pending.custom_mode.height,
-				wlr_output->pending.custom_mode.refresh)) {
+				state->custom_mode.width,
+				state->custom_mode.height,
+				state->custom_mode.refresh)) {
 			return false;
 		}
 	}
 
-	if (wlr_output->pending.committed & WLR_OUTPUT_STATE_ADAPTIVE_SYNC_ENABLED &&
+	if (state->committed & WLR_OUTPUT_STATE_ADAPTIVE_SYNC_ENABLED &&
 			x11->atoms.variable_refresh != XCB_ATOM_NONE) {
-		if (wlr_output->pending.adaptive_sync_enabled) {
+		if (state->adaptive_sync_enabled) {
 			uint32_t enabled = 1;
 			xcb_change_property(x11->xcb, XCB_PROP_MODE_REPLACE, output->win,
 				x11->atoms.variable_refresh, XCB_ATOM_CARDINAL, 32, 1,
@@ -347,8 +350,8 @@ static bool output_commit(struct wlr_output *wlr_output) {
 		}
 	}
 
-	if (wlr_output->pending.committed & WLR_OUTPUT_STATE_BUFFER) {
-		if (!output_commit_buffer(output)) {
+	if (state->committed & WLR_OUTPUT_STATE_BUFFER) {
+		if (!output_commit_buffer(output, state)) {
 			return false;
 		}
 	}
diff --git a/include/wlr/interfaces/wlr_output.h b/include/wlr/interfaces/wlr_output.h
index 4de02c0bd..7a1252db8 100644
--- a/include/wlr/interfaces/wlr_output.h
+++ b/include/wlr/interfaces/wlr_output.h
@@ -54,18 +54,18 @@ struct wlr_output_impl {
 	 */
 	void (*destroy)(struct wlr_output *output);
 	/**
-	 * Check that the pending output state is a valid configuration.
+	 * Check that the supplied output state is a valid configuration.
 	 *
 	 * If this function returns true, commit can only fail due to a runtime
 	 * error.
 	 */
-	bool (*test)(struct wlr_output *output);
+	bool (*test)(struct wlr_output *output, const struct wlr_output_state *state);
 	/**
-	 * Commit the pending output state.
+	 * Commit the supplied output state.
 	 *
 	 * If a buffer has been attached, a frame event is scheduled.
 	 */
-	bool (*commit)(struct wlr_output *output);
+	bool (*commit)(struct wlr_output *output, const struct wlr_output_state *state);
 	/**
 	 * Get the maximum number of gamma LUT elements for each channel.
 	 *
diff --git a/types/output/output.c b/types/output/output.c
index 4f7259150..d5cc0c64e 100644
--- a/types/output/output.c
+++ b/types/output/output.c
@@ -665,7 +665,7 @@ bool wlr_output_test(struct wlr_output *output) {
 		return true;
 	}
 
-	success = output->impl->test(output);
+	success = output->impl->test(output, &output->pending);
 
 	if (!had_buffer) {
 		output_clear_back_buffer(output);
@@ -709,7 +709,7 @@ bool wlr_output_commit(struct wlr_output *output) {
 		output_clear_back_buffer(output);
 	}
 
-	if (!output->impl->commit(output)) {
+	if (!output->impl->commit(output, &output->pending)) {
 		wlr_buffer_unlock(back_buffer);
 		output_state_clear(&output->pending);
 		return false;
diff --git a/types/output/render.c b/types/output/render.c
index 985b93a98..5427b4391 100644
--- a/types/output/render.c
+++ b/types/output/render.c
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ bool output_ensure_buffer(struct wlr_output *output) {
 
 	// If the backend doesn't necessarily need a new buffer on modeset, don't
 	// bother allocating one.
-	if (!output->impl->test || output->impl->test(output)) {
+	if (!output->impl->test || output->impl->test(output, &output->pending)) {
 		return true;
 	}
 
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ bool output_ensure_buffer(struct wlr_output *output) {
 	if (!output_attach_empty_buffer(output)) {
 		goto error;
 	}
-	if (!output->impl->test || output->impl->test(output)) {
+	if (!output->impl->test || output->impl->test(output, &output->pending)) {
 		return true;
 	}
 
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ bool output_ensure_buffer(struct wlr_output *output) {
 	if (!output_attach_empty_buffer(output)) {
 		goto error;
 	}
-	if (!output->impl->test(output)) {
+	if (!output->impl->test(output, &output->pending)) {
 		goto error;
 	}
 	return true;