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/*! A cross-platform unsafe graphics abstraction.
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//! A cross-platform unsafe graphics abstraction.
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*
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//!
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* This crate defines a set of traits abstracting over modern graphics APIs,
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//! This crate defines a set of traits abstracting over modern graphics APIs,
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* with implementations ("backends") for Vulkan, Metal, Direct3D, and GL.
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//! with implementations ("backends") for Vulkan, Metal, Direct3D, and GL.
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*
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//!
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* `wgpu-hal` is a spiritual successor to
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//! `wgpu-hal` is a spiritual successor to
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* [gfx-hal](https://github.com/gfx-rs/gfx), but with reduced scope, and
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//! [gfx-hal](https://github.com/gfx-rs/gfx), but with reduced scope, and
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* oriented towards WebGPU implementation goals. It has no overhead for
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//! oriented towards WebGPU implementation goals. It has no overhead for
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* validation or tracking, and the API translation overhead is kept to the bare
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//! validation or tracking, and the API translation overhead is kept to the bare
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* minimum by the design of WebGPU. This API can be used for resource-demanding
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//! minimum by the design of WebGPU. This API can be used for resource-demanding
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* applications and engines.
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//! applications and engines.
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*
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//!
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* The `wgpu-hal` crate's main design choices:
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//! The `wgpu-hal` crate's main design choices:
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*
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//!
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* - Our traits are meant to be *portable*: proper use
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//! - Our traits are meant to be *portable*: proper use
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* should get equivalent results regardless of the backend.
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//! should get equivalent results regardless of the backend.
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*
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//!
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* - Our traits' contracts are *unsafe*: implementations perform minimal
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//! - Our traits' contracts are *unsafe*: implementations perform minimal
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* validation, if any, and incorrect use will often cause undefined behavior.
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//! validation, if any, and incorrect use will often cause undefined behavior.
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* This allows us to minimize the overhead we impose over the underlying
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//! This allows us to minimize the overhead we impose over the underlying
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* graphics system. If you need safety, the [`wgpu-core`] crate provides a
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//! graphics system. If you need safety, the [`wgpu-core`] crate provides a
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* safe API for driving `wgpu-hal`, implementing all necessary validation,
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//! safe API for driving `wgpu-hal`, implementing all necessary validation,
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* resource state tracking, and so on. (Note that `wgpu-core` is designed for
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//! resource state tracking, and so on. (Note that `wgpu-core` is designed for
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* use via FFI; the [`wgpu`] crate provides more idiomatic Rust bindings for
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//! use via FFI; the [`wgpu`] crate provides more idiomatic Rust bindings for
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* `wgpu-core`.) Or, you can do your own validation.
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//! `wgpu-core`.) Or, you can do your own validation.
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*
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//!
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* - In the same vein, returned errors *only cover cases the user can't
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//! - In the same vein, returned errors *only cover cases the user can't
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* anticipate*, like running out of memory or losing the device. Any errors
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//! anticipate*, like running out of memory or losing the device. Any errors
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* that the user could reasonably anticipate are their responsibility to
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//! that the user could reasonably anticipate are their responsibility to
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* avoid. For example, `wgpu-hal` returns no error for mapping a buffer that's
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//! avoid. For example, `wgpu-hal` returns no error for mapping a buffer that's
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* not mappable: as the buffer creator, the user should already know if they
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//! not mappable: as the buffer creator, the user should already know if they
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* can map it.
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//! can map it.
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*
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//!
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* - We use *static dispatch*. The traits are not
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//! - We use *static dispatch*. The traits are not
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* generally object-safe. You must select a specific backend type
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//! generally object-safe. You must select a specific backend type
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* like [`vulkan::Api`] or [`metal::Api`], and then use that
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//! like [`vulkan::Api`] or [`metal::Api`], and then use that
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* according to the main traits, or call backend-specific methods.
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//! according to the main traits, or call backend-specific methods.
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*
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//!
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* - We use *idiomatic Rust parameter passing*,
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//! - We use *idiomatic Rust parameter passing*,
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* taking objects by reference, returning them by value, and so on,
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//! taking objects by reference, returning them by value, and so on,
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* unlike `wgpu-core`, which refers to objects by ID.
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//! unlike `wgpu-core`, which refers to objects by ID.
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*
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//!
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* - We map buffer contents *persistently*. This means that the buffer can
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//! - We map buffer contents *persistently*. This means that the buffer can
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* remain mapped on the CPU while the GPU reads or writes to it. You must
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//! remain mapped on the CPU while the GPU reads or writes to it. You must
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* explicitly indicate when data might need to be transferred between CPU and
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//! explicitly indicate when data might need to be transferred between CPU and
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* GPU, if [`Device::map_buffer`] indicates that this is necessary.
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//! GPU, if [`Device::map_buffer`] indicates that this is necessary.
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*
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//!
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* - You must record *explicit barriers* between different usages of a
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//! - You must record *explicit barriers* between different usages of a
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* resource. For example, if a buffer is written to by a compute
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//! resource. For example, if a buffer is written to by a compute
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* shader, and then used as and index buffer to a draw call, you
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//! shader, and then used as and index buffer to a draw call, you
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* must use [`CommandEncoder::transition_buffers`] between those two
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//! must use [`CommandEncoder::transition_buffers`] between those two
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* operations.
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//! operations.
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*
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//!
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* - Pipeline layouts are *explicitly specified* when setting bind
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//! - Pipeline layouts are *explicitly specified* when setting bind
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* group. Incompatible layouts disturb groups bound at higher indices.
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//! group. Incompatible layouts disturb groups bound at higher indices.
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*
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//!
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* - The API *accepts collections as iterators*, to avoid forcing the user to
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//! - The API *accepts collections as iterators*, to avoid forcing the user to
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* store data in particular containers. The implementation doesn't guarantee
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//! store data in particular containers. The implementation doesn't guarantee
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* that any of the iterators are drained, unless stated otherwise by the
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//! that any of the iterators are drained, unless stated otherwise by the
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* function documentation. For this reason, we recommend that iterators don't
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//! function documentation. For this reason, we recommend that iterators don't
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* do any mutating work.
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//! do any mutating work.
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*
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//!
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* Unfortunately, `wgpu-hal`'s safety requirements are not fully documented.
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//! Unfortunately, `wgpu-hal`'s safety requirements are not fully documented.
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* Ideally, all trait methods would have doc comments setting out the
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//! Ideally, all trait methods would have doc comments setting out the
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* requirements users must meet to ensure correct and portable behavior. If you
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//! requirements users must meet to ensure correct and portable behavior. If you
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* are aware of a specific requirement that a backend imposes that is not
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//! are aware of a specific requirement that a backend imposes that is not
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* ensured by the traits' documented rules, please file an issue. Or, if you are
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//! ensured by the traits' documented rules, please file an issue. Or, if you are
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* a capable technical writer, please file a pull request!
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//! a capable technical writer, please file a pull request!
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*
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//!
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* [`wgpu-core`]: https://crates.io/crates/wgpu-core
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//! [`wgpu-core`]: https://crates.io/crates/wgpu-core
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* [`wgpu`]: https://crates.io/crates/wgpu
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//! [`wgpu`]: https://crates.io/crates/wgpu
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* [`vulkan::Api`]: vulkan/struct.Api.html
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//! [`vulkan::Api`]: vulkan/struct.Api.html
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* [`metal::Api`]: metal/struct.Api.html
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//! [`metal::Api`]: metal/struct.Api.html
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*
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//!
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* ## Primary backends
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//! ## Primary backends
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*
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//!
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* The `wgpu-hal` crate has full-featured backends implemented on the following
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//! The `wgpu-hal` crate has full-featured backends implemented on the following
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* platform graphics APIs:
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//! platform graphics APIs:
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*
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//!
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* - Vulkan, available on Linux, Android, and Windows, using the [`ash`] crate's
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//! - Vulkan, available on Linux, Android, and Windows, using the [`ash`] crate's
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* Vulkan bindings. It's also available on macOS, if you install [MoltenVK].
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//! Vulkan bindings. It's also available on macOS, if you install [MoltenVK].
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*
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//!
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* - Metal on macOS, using the [`metal`] crate's bindings.
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//! - Metal on macOS, using the [`metal`] crate's bindings.
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*
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//!
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* - Direct3D 12 on Windows, using the [`d3d12`] crate's bindings.
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//! - Direct3D 12 on Windows, using the [`d3d12`] crate's bindings.
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*
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//!
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* [`ash`]: https://crates.io/crates/ash
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//! [`ash`]: https://crates.io/crates/ash
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* [MoltenVK]: https://github.com/KhronosGroup/MoltenVK
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//! [MoltenVK]: https://github.com/KhronosGroup/MoltenVK
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* [`metal`]: https://crates.io/crates/metal
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//! [`metal`]: https://crates.io/crates/metal
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* [`d3d12`]: ahttps://crates.io/crates/d3d12
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//! [`d3d12`]: ahttps://crates.io/crates/d3d12
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*
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//!
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* ## Secondary backends
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//! ## Secondary backends
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*
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//!
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* The `wgpu-hal` crate has a partial implementation based on the following
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//! The `wgpu-hal` crate has a partial implementation based on the following
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* platform graphics API:
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//! platform graphics API:
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*
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//!
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* - The GL backend is available anywhere OpenGL, OpenGL ES, or WebGL are
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//! - The GL backend is available anywhere OpenGL, OpenGL ES, or WebGL are
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* available. See the [`gles`] module documentation for details.
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//! available. See the [`gles`] module documentation for details.
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*
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//!
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* [`gles`]: gles/index.html
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//! [`gles`]: gles/index.html
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*
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//!
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* You can see what capabilities an adapter is missing by checking the
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//! You can see what capabilities an adapter is missing by checking the
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* [`DownlevelCapabilities`][tdc] in [`ExposedAdapter::capabilities`], available
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//! [`DownlevelCapabilities`][tdc] in [`ExposedAdapter::capabilities`], available
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* from [`Instance::enumerate_adapters`].
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//! from [`Instance::enumerate_adapters`].
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*
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//!
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* The API is generally designed to fit the primary backends better than the
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//! The API is generally designed to fit the primary backends better than the
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* secondary backends, so the latter may impose more overhead.
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//! secondary backends, so the latter may impose more overhead.
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*
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//!
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* [tdc]: wgt::DownlevelCapabilities
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//! [tdc]: wgt::DownlevelCapabilities
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*
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//!
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* ## Traits
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//! ## Traits
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*
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//!
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* The `wgpu-hal` crate defines a handful of traits that together
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//! The `wgpu-hal` crate defines a handful of traits that together
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* represent a cross-platform abstraction for modern GPU APIs.
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//! represent a cross-platform abstraction for modern GPU APIs.
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*
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//!
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* - The [`Api`] trait represents a `wgpu-hal` backend. It has no methods of its
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//! - The [`Api`] trait represents a `wgpu-hal` backend. It has no methods of its
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* own, only a collection of associated types.
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//! own, only a collection of associated types.
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*
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//!
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* - [`Api::Instance`] implements the [`Instance`] trait. [`Instance::init`]
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//! - [`Api::Instance`] implements the [`Instance`] trait. [`Instance::init`]
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* creates an instance value, which you can use to enumerate the adapters
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//! creates an instance value, which you can use to enumerate the adapters
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* available on the system. For example, [`vulkan::Api::Instance::init`][Ii]
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//! available on the system. For example, [`vulkan::Api::Instance::init`][Ii]
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* returns an instance that can enumerate the Vulkan physical devices on your
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//! returns an instance that can enumerate the Vulkan physical devices on your
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* system.
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//! system.
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*
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//!
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* - [`Api::Adapter`] implements the [`Adapter`] trait, representing a
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//! - [`Api::Adapter`] implements the [`Adapter`] trait, representing a
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* particular device from a particular backend. For example, a Vulkan instance
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//! particular device from a particular backend. For example, a Vulkan instance
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* might have a Lavapipe software adapter and a GPU-based adapter.
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//! might have a Lavapipe software adapter and a GPU-based adapter.
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*
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//!
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* - [`Api::Device`] implements the [`Device`] trait, representing an active
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//! - [`Api::Device`] implements the [`Device`] trait, representing an active
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* link to a device. You get a device value by calling [`Adapter::open`], and
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//! link to a device. You get a device value by calling [`Adapter::open`], and
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* then use it to create buffers, textures, shader modules, and so on.
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//! then use it to create buffers, textures, shader modules, and so on.
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*
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//!
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* - [`Api::Queue`] implements the [`Queue`] trait, which you use to submit
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//! - [`Api::Queue`] implements the [`Queue`] trait, which you use to submit
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* command buffers to a given device.
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//! command buffers to a given device.
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*
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//!
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* - [`Api::CommandEncoder`] implements the [`CommandEncoder`] trait, which you
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//! - [`Api::CommandEncoder`] implements the [`CommandEncoder`] trait, which you
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* use to build buffers of commands to submit to a queue. This has all the
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//! use to build buffers of commands to submit to a queue. This has all the
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* methods for drawing and running compute shaders, which is presumably what
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//! methods for drawing and running compute shaders, which is presumably what
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* you're here for.
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//! you're here for.
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*
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//!
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* - [`Api::Surface`] implements the [`Surface`] trait, which represents a
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//! - [`Api::Surface`] implements the [`Surface`] trait, which represents a
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* swapchain for presenting images on the screen, via interaction with the
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//! swapchain for presenting images on the screen, via interaction with the
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* system's window manager.
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//! system's window manager.
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*
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//!
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* The [`Api`] trait has various other associated types like [`Api::Buffer`] and
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//! The [`Api`] trait has various other associated types like [`Api::Buffer`] and
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* [`Api::Texture`] that represent resources the rest of the interface can
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//! [`Api::Texture`] that represent resources the rest of the interface can
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* operate on, but these generally do not have their own traits.
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//! operate on, but these generally do not have their own traits.
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*
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//!
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* [Ii]: Instance::init
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//! [Ii]: Instance::init
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*
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//!
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* ## Validation is the calling code's responsibility, not `wgpu-hal`'s
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//! ## Validation is the calling code's responsibility, not `wgpu-hal`'s
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*
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//!
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* As much as possible, `wgpu-hal` traits place the burden of validation,
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//! As much as possible, `wgpu-hal` traits place the burden of validation,
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* resource tracking, and state tracking on the caller, not on the trait
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//! resource tracking, and state tracking on the caller, not on the trait
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* implementations themselves. Anything which can reasonably be handled in
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//! implementations themselves. Anything which can reasonably be handled in
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* backend-independent code should be. A `wgpu_hal` backend's sole obligation is
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//! backend-independent code should be. A `wgpu_hal` backend's sole obligation is
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* to provide portable behavior, and report conditions that the calling code
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//! to provide portable behavior, and report conditions that the calling code
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* can't reasonably anticipate, like device loss or running out of memory.
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//! can't reasonably anticipate, like device loss or running out of memory.
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*
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//!
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* The `wgpu` crate collection is intended for use in security-sensitive
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//! The `wgpu` crate collection is intended for use in security-sensitive
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* applications, like web browsers, where the API is available to untrusted
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//! applications, like web browsers, where the API is available to untrusted
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* code. This means that `wgpu-core`'s validation is not simply a service to
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//! code. This means that `wgpu-core`'s validation is not simply a service to
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* developers, to be provided opportunistically when the performance costs are
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//! developers, to be provided opportunistically when the performance costs are
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* acceptable and the necessary data is ready at hand. Rather, `wgpu-core`'s
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//! acceptable and the necessary data is ready at hand. Rather, `wgpu-core`'s
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* validation must be exhaustive, to ensure that even malicious content cannot
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//! validation must be exhaustive, to ensure that even malicious content cannot
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* provoke and exploit undefined behavior in the platform's graphics API.
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//! provoke and exploit undefined behavior in the platform's graphics API.
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*
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//!
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* Because graphics APIs' requirements are complex, the only practical way for
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//! Because graphics APIs' requirements are complex, the only practical way for
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* `wgpu` to provide exhaustive validation is to comprehensively track the
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//! `wgpu` to provide exhaustive validation is to comprehensively track the
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* lifetime and state of all the resources in the system. Implementing this
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//! lifetime and state of all the resources in the system. Implementing this
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* separately for each backend is infeasible; effort would be better spent
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//! separately for each backend is infeasible; effort would be better spent
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* making the cross-platform validation in `wgpu-core` legible and trustworthy.
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//! making the cross-platform validation in `wgpu-core` legible and trustworthy.
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* Fortunately, the requirements are largely similar across the various
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//! Fortunately, the requirements are largely similar across the various
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* platforms, so cross-platform validation is practical.
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//! platforms, so cross-platform validation is practical.
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*
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//!
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* Some backends have specific requirements that aren't practical to foist off
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//! Some backends have specific requirements that aren't practical to foist off
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* on the `wgpu-hal` user. For example, properly managing macOS Objective-C or
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//! on the `wgpu-hal` user. For example, properly managing macOS Objective-C or
|
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|
* Microsoft COM reference counts is best handled by using appropriate pointer
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//! Microsoft COM reference counts is best handled by using appropriate pointer
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* types within the backend.
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//! types within the backend.
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*
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//!
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* A desire for "defense in depth" may suggest performing additional validation
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//! A desire for "defense in depth" may suggest performing additional validation
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* in `wgpu-hal` when the opportunity arises, but this must be done with
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//! in `wgpu-hal` when the opportunity arises, but this must be done with
|
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* caution. Even experienced contributors infer the expectations their changes
|
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//! caution. Even experienced contributors infer the expectations their changes
|
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* must meet by considering not just requirements made explicit in types, tests,
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//! must meet by considering not just requirements made explicit in types, tests,
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* assertions, and comments, but also those implicit in the surrounding code.
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//! assertions, and comments, but also those implicit in the surrounding code.
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|
* When one sees validation or state-tracking code in `wgpu-hal`, it is tempting
|
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|
//! When one sees validation or state-tracking code in `wgpu-hal`, it is tempting
|
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* to conclude, "Oh, `wgpu-hal` checks for this, so `wgpu-core` needn't worry
|
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|
//! to conclude, "Oh, `wgpu-hal` checks for this, so `wgpu-core` needn't worry
|
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|
* about it - that would be redundant!" The responsibility for exhaustive
|
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|
|
//! about it - that would be redundant!" The responsibility for exhaustive
|
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|
|
* validation always rests with `wgpu-core`, regardless of what may or may not
|
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|
|
//! validation always rests with `wgpu-core`, regardless of what may or may not
|
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|
* be checked in `wgpu-hal`.
|
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|
//! be checked in `wgpu-hal`.
|
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|
*
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|
//!
|
|
|
|
* To this end, any "defense in depth" validation that does appear in `wgpu-hal`
|
|
|
|
//! To this end, any "defense in depth" validation that does appear in `wgpu-hal`
|
|
|
|
* for requirements that `wgpu-core` should have enforced should report failure
|
|
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|
//! for requirements that `wgpu-core` should have enforced should report failure
|
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|
* via the `unreachable!` macro, because problems detected at this stage always
|
|
|
|
//! via the `unreachable!` macro, because problems detected at this stage always
|
|
|
|
* indicate a bug in `wgpu-core`.
|
|
|
|
//! indicate a bug in `wgpu-core`.
|
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|
|
*
|
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|
|
//!
|
|
|
|
* ## Debugging
|
|
|
|
//! ## Debugging
|
|
|
|
*
|
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|
|
//!
|
|
|
|
* Most of the information on the wiki [Debugging wgpu Applications][wiki-debug]
|
|
|
|
//! Most of the information on the wiki [Debugging wgpu Applications][wiki-debug]
|
|
|
|
* page still applies to this API, with the exception of API tracing/replay
|
|
|
|
//! page still applies to this API, with the exception of API tracing/replay
|
|
|
|
* functionality, which is only available in `wgpu-core`.
|
|
|
|
//! functionality, which is only available in `wgpu-core`.
|
|
|
|
*
|
|
|
|
//!
|
|
|
|
* [wiki-debug]: https://github.com/gfx-rs/wgpu/wiki/Debugging-wgpu-Applications
|
|
|
|
//! [wiki-debug]: https://github.com/gfx-rs/wgpu/wiki/Debugging-wgpu-Applications
|
|
|
|
*/
|
|
|
|
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|
#![cfg_attr(docsrs, feature(doc_cfg, doc_auto_cfg))]
|
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|
|
#![cfg_attr(docsrs, feature(doc_cfg, doc_auto_cfg))]
|
|
|
|
#![allow(
|
|
|
|
#![allow(
|
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|