vulkano/examples/async-update/main.rs

// This example showcases how you can most effectively update a resource asynchronously, such that
// your rendering or any other tasks can use the resource without any latency at the same time as
// it's being updated.
//
// There are two kinds of resources that are updated asynchronously here:
//
// - A uniform buffer, which needs to be updated every frame.
// - A large texture, which needs to be updated partially at the request of the user.
//
// For the first, since the data needs to be updated every frame, we have to use one buffer per
// frame in flight. The swapchain most commonly has multiple images that are all processed at the
// same time, therefore writing the same buffer during each frame in flight would result in one of
// two things: either you would have to synchronize the writes from the host and reads from the
// device such that only one of the images in the swapchain is actually processed at any point in
// time (bad), or a race condition (bad). Therefore we are left with no choice but to use a
// different buffer for each frame in flight. This is best suited to very small pieces of data that
// change rapidly, and where the data of one frame doesn't depend on data from a previous one.
//
// For the second, since this texture is rather large, we can't afford to overwrite the entire
// texture every time a part of it needs to be updated. Also, we don't need as many textures as
// there are frames in flight since the texture doesn't need to be updated every frame, but we
// still need at least two textures. That way we can write one of the textures at the same time as
// reading the other, swapping them after the write is done such that the newly updated one is read
// and the now out-of-date one can be written to next time, known as *eventual consistency*.
//
// In an eventually consistent system, a number of *replicas* are used, all of which represent the
// same data but their consistency is not strict. A replica might be out-of-date for some time
// before *reaching convergence*, hence becoming consistent, eventually.

use glam::f32::Mat4;
use rand::Rng;
use std::{
    alloc::Layout,
    error::Error,
    slice,
    sync::{
        atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering},
        mpsc, Arc,
    },
    thread,
    time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH},
};
use vulkano::{
    buffer::{Buffer, BufferContents, BufferCreateInfo, BufferUsage},
    command_buffer::RenderPassBeginInfo,
    descriptor_set::{
        allocator::StandardDescriptorSetAllocator, DescriptorSet, WriteDescriptorSet,
    },
    device::{
        physical::PhysicalDeviceType, Device, DeviceCreateInfo, DeviceExtensions, Queue,
        QueueCreateInfo, QueueFlags,
    },
    format::Format,
    image::{
        sampler::{Sampler, SamplerCreateInfo},
        view::ImageView,
        Image, ImageAspects, ImageCreateInfo, ImageSubresourceLayers, ImageType, ImageUsage,
    },
    instance::{Instance, InstanceCreateFlags, InstanceCreateInfo},
    memory::allocator::{AllocationCreateInfo, DeviceLayout, MemoryTypeFilter},
    pipeline::{
        graphics::{
            color_blend::{ColorBlendAttachmentState, ColorBlendState},
            input_assembly::{InputAssemblyState, PrimitiveTopology},
            multisample::MultisampleState,
            rasterization::RasterizationState,
            vertex_input::{Vertex, VertexDefinition},
            viewport::{Viewport, ViewportState},
            GraphicsPipelineCreateInfo,
        },
        layout::PipelineDescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo,
        DynamicState, GraphicsPipeline, Pipeline, PipelineBindPoint, PipelineLayout,
        PipelineShaderStageCreateInfo,
    },
    render_pass::{Framebuffer, FramebufferCreateInfo, RenderPass, Subpass},
    swapchain::{Surface, Swapchain, SwapchainCreateInfo},
    sync::Sharing,
    DeviceSize, Validated, VulkanError, VulkanLibrary,
};
use vulkano_taskgraph::{
    command_buffer::{
        BufferImageCopy, ClearColorImageInfo, CopyBufferToImageInfo, RecordingCommandBuffer,
    },
    graph::{CompileInfo, ExecutableTaskGraph, ExecuteError, TaskGraph},
    resource::{AccessType, Flight, HostAccessType, ImageLayoutType, Resources},
    resource_map, Id, QueueFamilyType, Task, TaskContext, TaskResult,
};
use winit::{
    application::ApplicationHandler,
    event::{ElementState, KeyEvent, WindowEvent},
    event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, EventLoop},
    keyboard::{Key, NamedKey},
    window::{Window, WindowId},
};

const TRANSFER_GRANULARITY: u32 = 4096;
const MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT: u32 = 2;

fn main() -> Result<(), impl Error> {
    let event_loop = EventLoop::new().unwrap();
    let mut app = App::new(&event_loop);

    println!("\nPress space to update part of the texture");

    event_loop.run_app(&mut app)
}

struct App {
    instance: Arc<Instance>,
    device: Arc<Device>,
    graphics_family_index: u32,
    transfer_family_index: u32,
    graphics_queue: Arc<Queue>,
    resources: Arc<Resources>,
    graphics_flight_id: Id<Flight>,
    vertex_buffer_id: Id<Buffer>,
    uniform_buffer_ids: [Id<Buffer>; MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT as usize],
    texture_ids: [Id<Image>; 2],
    current_texture_index: Arc<AtomicBool>,
    channel: mpsc::Sender<()>,
    rcx: Option<RenderContext>,
}

struct RenderContext {
    window: Arc<Window>,
    swapchain_id: Id<Swapchain>,
    render_pass: Arc<RenderPass>,
    framebuffers: Vec<Arc<Framebuffer>>,
    viewport: Viewport,
    recreate_swapchain: bool,
    task_graph: ExecutableTaskGraph<Self>,
    virtual_swapchain_id: Id<Swapchain>,
    virtual_texture_id: Id<Image>,
    virtual_uniform_buffer_id: Id<Buffer>,
}

impl App {
    fn new(event_loop: &EventLoop<()>) -> Self {
        let library = VulkanLibrary::new().unwrap();
        let required_extensions = Surface::required_extensions(event_loop).unwrap();
        let instance = Instance::new(
            library,
            InstanceCreateInfo {
                flags: InstanceCreateFlags::ENUMERATE_PORTABILITY,
                enabled_extensions: required_extensions,
                ..Default::default()
            },
        )
        .unwrap();

        let device_extensions = DeviceExtensions {
            khr_swapchain: true,
            ..DeviceExtensions::empty()
        };
        let (physical_device, graphics_family_index) = instance
            .enumerate_physical_devices()
            .unwrap()
            .filter(|p| p.supported_extensions().contains(&device_extensions))
            .filter_map(|p| {
                p.queue_family_properties()
                    .iter()
                    .enumerate()
                    .position(|(i, q)| {
                        q.queue_flags.intersects(QueueFlags::GRAPHICS)
                            && p.presentation_support(i as u32, event_loop).unwrap()
                    })
                    .map(|i| (p, i as u32))
            })
            .min_by_key(|(p, _)| match p.properties().device_type {
                PhysicalDeviceType::DiscreteGpu => 0,
                PhysicalDeviceType::IntegratedGpu => 1,
                PhysicalDeviceType::VirtualGpu => 2,
                PhysicalDeviceType::Cpu => 3,
                PhysicalDeviceType::Other => 4,
                _ => 5,
            })
            .unwrap();

        println!(
            "Using device: {} (type: {:?})",
            physical_device.properties().device_name,
            physical_device.properties().device_type,
        );

        // Since we are going to be updating the texture on a separate thread asynchronously from
        // the execution of graphics commands, it would make sense to also do the transfer on a
        // dedicated transfer queue, if such a queue family exists. That way, the graphics queue is
        // not blocked during the transfers either and the two tasks are truly asynchronous.
        //
        // For this, we need to find the queue family with the fewest queue flags set, since if the
        // queue family has more flags than `TRANSFER | SPARSE_BINDING`, that means it is not
        // dedicated to transfer operations.
        let transfer_family_index = physical_device
            .queue_family_properties()
            .iter()
            .enumerate()
            .filter(|(_, q)| {
                q.queue_flags.intersects(QueueFlags::TRANSFER)
                // Queue families dedicated to transfers are not required to support partial
                // transfers of images, reported by a minimum granularity of [0, 0, 0]. If you need
                // to do partial transfers of images like we do in this example, you therefore have
                // to make sure the queue family supports that.
                && q.min_image_transfer_granularity != [0; 3]
                // Unlike queue families for graphics and/or compute, queue families dedicated to
                // transfers don't have to support image transfers of arbitrary granularity.
                // Therefore, if you are going to use one, you have to either make sure the
                // granularity is granular enough for your needs, or you have to align your
                // transfer offsets and extents to this granularity. Our minimum granularity is
                // 4096 which should be more than coarse enough so we just check that it is.
                && q.min_image_transfer_granularity[0..2]
                    .iter()
                    .all(|&g| TRANSFER_GRANULARITY % g == 0)
            })
            .min_by_key(|(_, q)| q.queue_flags.count())
            .unwrap()
            .0 as u32;

        let (device, mut queues) = {
            let mut queue_create_infos = vec![QueueCreateInfo {
                queue_family_index: graphics_family_index,
                ..Default::default()
            }];

            // It's possible that the physical device doesn't have any queue families supporting
            // transfers other than the graphics and/or compute queue family. In that case we must
            // make sure we don't request the same queue family twice.
            if transfer_family_index != graphics_family_index {
                queue_create_infos.push(QueueCreateInfo {
                    queue_family_index: transfer_family_index,
                    ..Default::default()
                });
            } else {
                let queue_family_properties =
                    &physical_device.queue_family_properties()[graphics_family_index as usize];

                // Even if we can't get an async transfer queue family, it's still better to use
                // different queues on the same queue family. This way, at least the threads on the
                // host don't have to lock the same queue when submitting.
                if queue_family_properties.queue_count > 1 {
                    queue_create_infos[0].queues.push(0.5);
                }
            }

            Device::new(
                physical_device,
                DeviceCreateInfo {
                    enabled_extensions: device_extensions,
                    queue_create_infos,
                    ..Default::default()
                },
            )
            .unwrap()
        };

        let graphics_queue = queues.next().unwrap();

        // If we didn't get a dedicated transfer queue, fall back to the graphics queue for
        // transfers.
        let transfer_queue = queues.next().unwrap_or_else(|| graphics_queue.clone());

        println!(
            "Using queue family {graphics_family_index} for graphics and queue family \
            {transfer_family_index} for transfers",
        );

        let resources = Resources::new(&device, &Default::default());

        let graphics_flight_id = resources.create_flight(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT).unwrap();
        let transfer_flight_id = resources.create_flight(1).unwrap();

        let vertices = [
            MyVertex {
                position: [-0.5, -0.5],
            },
            MyVertex {
                position: [-0.5, 0.5],
            },
            MyVertex {
                position: [0.5, -0.5],
            },
            MyVertex {
                position: [0.5, 0.5],
            },
        ];
        let vertex_buffer_id = resources
            .create_buffer(
                BufferCreateInfo {
                    usage: BufferUsage::VERTEX_BUFFER,
                    ..Default::default()
                },
                AllocationCreateInfo {
                    memory_type_filter: MemoryTypeFilter::PREFER_DEVICE
                        | MemoryTypeFilter::HOST_SEQUENTIAL_WRITE,
                    ..Default::default()
                },
                DeviceLayout::from_layout(Layout::for_value(&vertices)).unwrap(),
            )
            .unwrap();

        // Create a pool of uniform buffers, one per frame in flight. This way we always have an
        // available buffer to write during each frame while reusing them as much as possible.
        let uniform_buffer_ids = [(); MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT as usize].map(|_| {
            resources
                .create_buffer(
                    BufferCreateInfo {
                        usage: BufferUsage::UNIFORM_BUFFER,
                        ..Default::default()
                    },
                    AllocationCreateInfo {
                        memory_type_filter: MemoryTypeFilter::PREFER_DEVICE
                            | MemoryTypeFilter::HOST_SEQUENTIAL_WRITE,
                        ..Default::default()
                    },
                    DeviceLayout::from_layout(Layout::new::<vs::Data>()).unwrap(),
                )
                .unwrap()
        });

        // Create two textures, where at any point in time one is used exclusively for reading and
        // one is used exclusively for writing, swapping the two after each update.
        let texture_ids = [(); 2].map(|_| {
            resources
                .create_image(
                    ImageCreateInfo {
                        image_type: ImageType::Dim2d,
                        format: Format::R8G8B8A8_UNORM,
                        extent: [TRANSFER_GRANULARITY * 2, TRANSFER_GRANULARITY * 2, 1],
                        usage: ImageUsage::TRANSFER_DST | ImageUsage::SAMPLED,
                        sharing: if graphics_family_index != transfer_family_index {
                            Sharing::Concurrent(
                                [graphics_family_index, transfer_family_index]
                                    .into_iter()
                                    .collect(),
                            )
                        } else {
                            Sharing::Exclusive
                        },
                        ..Default::default()
                    },
                    AllocationCreateInfo::default(),
                )
                .unwrap()
        });

        // The index of the currently most up-to-date texture. The worker thread swaps the index
        // after every finished write, which is always done to the, at that point in time, unused
        // texture.
        let current_texture_index = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));

        // Initialize the resources.
        unsafe {
            vulkano_taskgraph::execute(
                &graphics_queue,
                &resources,
                graphics_flight_id,
                |cbf, tcx| {
                    tcx.write_buffer::<[MyVertex]>(vertex_buffer_id, ..)?
                        .copy_from_slice(&vertices);

                    for &texture_id in &texture_ids {
                        cbf.clear_color_image(&ClearColorImageInfo {
                            image: texture_id,
                            ..Default::default()
                        })?;
                    }

                    Ok(())
                },
                [(vertex_buffer_id, HostAccessType::Write)],
                [],
                [
                    (
                        texture_ids[0],
                        AccessType::ClearTransferWrite,
                        ImageLayoutType::Optimal,
                    ),
                    (
                        texture_ids[1],
                        AccessType::ClearTransferWrite,
                        ImageLayoutType::Optimal,
                    ),
                ],
            )
        }
        .unwrap();

        // Start the worker thread.
        let (channel, receiver) = mpsc::channel();
        run_worker(
            receiver,
            graphics_family_index,
            transfer_family_index,
            transfer_queue.clone(),
            resources.clone(),
            graphics_flight_id,
            transfer_flight_id,
            texture_ids,
            current_texture_index.clone(),
        );

        App {
            instance,
            device,
            graphics_family_index,
            transfer_family_index,
            graphics_queue,
            resources,
            graphics_flight_id,
            vertex_buffer_id,
            uniform_buffer_ids,
            texture_ids,
            current_texture_index,
            channel,
            rcx: None,
        }
    }
}

impl ApplicationHandler for App {
    fn resumed(&mut self, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop) {
        let window = Arc::new(
            event_loop
                .create_window(Window::default_attributes())
                .unwrap(),
        );
        let surface = Surface::from_window(self.instance.clone(), window.clone()).unwrap();
        let window_size = window.inner_size();

        let swapchain_format;
        let swapchain_id = {
            let surface_capabilities = self
                .device
                .physical_device()
                .surface_capabilities(&surface, Default::default())
                .unwrap();
            (swapchain_format, _) = self
                .device
                .physical_device()
                .surface_formats(&surface, Default::default())
                .unwrap()[0];

            self.resources
                .create_swapchain(
                    self.graphics_flight_id,
                    surface,
                    SwapchainCreateInfo {
                        min_image_count: surface_capabilities.min_image_count.max(3),
                        image_format: swapchain_format,
                        image_extent: window_size.into(),
                        image_usage: ImageUsage::COLOR_ATTACHMENT,
                        composite_alpha: surface_capabilities
                            .supported_composite_alpha
                            .into_iter()
                            .next()
                            .unwrap(),
                        ..Default::default()
                    },
                )
                .unwrap()
        };

        let render_pass = vulkano::single_pass_renderpass!(
            self.device.clone(),
            attachments: {
                color: {
                    format: swapchain_format,
                    samples: 1,
                    load_op: Clear,
                    store_op: Store,
                },
            },
            pass: {
                color: [color],
                depth_stencil: {},
            },
        )
        .unwrap();

        let framebuffers = window_size_dependent_setup(&self.resources, swapchain_id, &render_pass);

        let pipeline = {
            let vs = vs::load(self.device.clone())
                .unwrap()
                .entry_point("main")
                .unwrap();
            let fs = fs::load(self.device.clone())
                .unwrap()
                .entry_point("main")
                .unwrap();
            let vertex_input_state = MyVertex::per_vertex().definition(&vs).unwrap();
            let stages = [
                PipelineShaderStageCreateInfo::new(vs),
                PipelineShaderStageCreateInfo::new(fs),
            ];
            let layout = PipelineLayout::new(
                self.device.clone(),
                PipelineDescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo::from_stages(&stages)
                    .into_pipeline_layout_create_info(self.device.clone())
                    .unwrap(),
            )
            .unwrap();
            let subpass = Subpass::from(render_pass.clone(), 0).unwrap();

            GraphicsPipeline::new(
                self.device.clone(),
                None,
                GraphicsPipelineCreateInfo {
                    stages: stages.into_iter().collect(),
                    vertex_input_state: Some(vertex_input_state),
                    input_assembly_state: Some(InputAssemblyState {
                        topology: PrimitiveTopology::TriangleStrip,
                        ..Default::default()
                    }),
                    viewport_state: Some(ViewportState::default()),
                    rasterization_state: Some(RasterizationState::default()),
                    multisample_state: Some(MultisampleState::default()),
                    color_blend_state: Some(ColorBlendState::with_attachment_states(
                        subpass.num_color_attachments(),
                        ColorBlendAttachmentState::default(),
                    )),
                    dynamic_state: [DynamicState::Viewport].into_iter().collect(),
                    subpass: Some(subpass.into()),
                    ..GraphicsPipelineCreateInfo::layout(layout)
                },
            )
            .unwrap()
        };

        let viewport = Viewport {
            offset: [0.0, 0.0],
            extent: window_size.into(),
            depth_range: 0.0..=1.0,
        };

        let descriptor_set_allocator = Arc::new(StandardDescriptorSetAllocator::new(
            self.device.clone(),
            Default::default(),
        ));

        // A byproduct of always using the same set of uniform buffers is that we can also create
        // one descriptor set for each, reusing them in the same way as the buffers.
        let uniform_buffer_sets = self.uniform_buffer_ids.map(|buffer_id| {
            let buffer_state = self.resources.buffer(buffer_id).unwrap();
            let buffer = buffer_state.buffer();

            DescriptorSet::new(
                descriptor_set_allocator.clone(),
                pipeline.layout().set_layouts()[0].clone(),
                [WriteDescriptorSet::buffer(0, buffer.clone().into())],
                [],
            )
            .unwrap()
        });

        // Create the descriptor sets for sampling the textures.
        let sampler = Sampler::new(
            self.device.clone(),
            SamplerCreateInfo::simple_repeat_linear(),
        )
        .unwrap();
        let sampler_sets = self.texture_ids.map(|texture_id| {
            let texture_state = self.resources.image(texture_id).unwrap();
            let texture = texture_state.image();

            DescriptorSet::new(
                descriptor_set_allocator.clone(),
                pipeline.layout().set_layouts()[1].clone(),
                [
                    WriteDescriptorSet::sampler(0, sampler.clone()),
                    WriteDescriptorSet::image_view(
                        1,
                        ImageView::new_default(texture.clone()).unwrap(),
                    ),
                ],
                [],
            )
            .unwrap()
        });

        let mut task_graph = TaskGraph::new(&self.resources, 1, 4);

        let virtual_swapchain_id = task_graph.add_swapchain(&SwapchainCreateInfo::default());
        let virtual_texture_id = task_graph.add_image(&ImageCreateInfo {
            sharing: if self.graphics_family_index != self.transfer_family_index {
                Sharing::Concurrent(
                    [self.graphics_family_index, self.transfer_family_index]
                        .into_iter()
                        .collect(),
                )
            } else {
                Sharing::Exclusive
            },
            ..Default::default()
        });
        let virtual_uniform_buffer_id = task_graph.add_buffer(&BufferCreateInfo::default());

        task_graph.add_host_buffer_access(virtual_uniform_buffer_id, HostAccessType::Write);

        task_graph
            .create_task_node(
                "Render",
                QueueFamilyType::Graphics,
                RenderTask {
                    swapchain_id: virtual_swapchain_id,
                    vertex_buffer_id: self.vertex_buffer_id,
                    current_texture_index: self.current_texture_index.clone(),
                    pipeline,
                    uniform_buffer_id: virtual_uniform_buffer_id,
                    uniform_buffer_sets,
                    sampler_sets,
                },
            )
            .image_access(
                virtual_swapchain_id.current_image_id(),
                AccessType::ColorAttachmentWrite,
                ImageLayoutType::Optimal,
            )
            .buffer_access(self.vertex_buffer_id, AccessType::VertexAttributeRead)
            .image_access(
                virtual_texture_id,
                AccessType::FragmentShaderSampledRead,
                ImageLayoutType::Optimal,
            )
            .buffer_access(
                virtual_uniform_buffer_id,
                AccessType::VertexShaderUniformRead,
            );

        let task_graph = unsafe {
            task_graph.compile(&CompileInfo {
                queues: &[&self.graphics_queue],
                present_queue: Some(&self.graphics_queue),
                flight_id: self.graphics_flight_id,
                ..Default::default()
            })
        }
        .unwrap();

        self.rcx = Some(RenderContext {
            window,
            swapchain_id,
            render_pass,
            framebuffers,
            viewport,
            recreate_swapchain: false,
            task_graph,
            virtual_swapchain_id,
            virtual_texture_id,
            virtual_uniform_buffer_id,
        });
    }

    fn window_event(
        &mut self,
        event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop,
        _window_id: WindowId,
        event: WindowEvent,
    ) {
        let rcx = self.rcx.as_mut().unwrap();

        match event {
            WindowEvent::CloseRequested => {
                event_loop.exit();
            }
            WindowEvent::Resized(_) => {
                rcx.recreate_swapchain = true;
            }
            WindowEvent::KeyboardInput {
                event:
                    KeyEvent {
                        logical_key: Key::Named(NamedKey::Space),
                        state: ElementState::Released,
                        ..
                    },
                ..
            } => {
                self.channel.send(()).unwrap();
            }
            WindowEvent::RedrawRequested => {
                let window_size = rcx.window.inner_size();

                if window_size.width == 0 || window_size.height == 0 {
                    return;
                }

                let flight = self.resources.flight(self.graphics_flight_id).unwrap();

                if rcx.recreate_swapchain {
                    rcx.swapchain_id = self
                        .resources
                        .recreate_swapchain(rcx.swapchain_id, |create_info| SwapchainCreateInfo {
                            image_extent: window_size.into(),
                            ..create_info
                        })
                        .expect("failed to recreate swapchain");
                    rcx.framebuffers = window_size_dependent_setup(
                        &self.resources,
                        rcx.swapchain_id,
                        &rcx.render_pass,
                    );
                    rcx.viewport.extent = window_size.into();
                    rcx.recreate_swapchain = false;
                }

                let frame_index = flight.current_frame_index();
                let texture_index = self.current_texture_index.load(Ordering::Relaxed);

                let resource_map = resource_map!(
                    &rcx.task_graph,
                    rcx.virtual_swapchain_id => rcx.swapchain_id,
                    rcx.virtual_texture_id => self.texture_ids[texture_index as usize],
                    rcx.virtual_uniform_buffer_id => self.uniform_buffer_ids[frame_index as usize],
                )
                .unwrap();

                flight.wait(None).unwrap();

                match unsafe {
                    rcx.task_graph
                        .execute(resource_map, rcx, || rcx.window.pre_present_notify())
                } {
                    Ok(()) => {}
                    Err(ExecuteError::Swapchain {
                        error: Validated::Error(VulkanError::OutOfDate),
                        ..
                    }) => {
                        rcx.recreate_swapchain = true;
                    }
                    Err(e) => {
                        panic!("failed to execute next frame: {e:?}");
                    }
                }
            }
            _ => {}
        }
    }

    fn about_to_wait(&mut self, _event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop) {
        let rcx = self.rcx.as_mut().unwrap();
        rcx.window.request_redraw();
    }
}

#[derive(Clone, Copy, BufferContents, Vertex)]
#[repr(C)]
struct MyVertex {
    #[format(R32G32_SFLOAT)]
    position: [f32; 2],
}

mod vs {
    vulkano_shaders::shader! {
        ty: "vertex",
        src: r"
            #version 450

            layout(location = 0) in vec2 position;
            layout(location = 0) out vec2 tex_coords;

            layout(set = 0, binding = 0) uniform Data {
                mat4 transform;
            };

            void main() {
                gl_Position = vec4(transform * vec4(position, 0.0, 1.0));
                tex_coords = position + vec2(0.5);
            }
        ",
    }
}

mod fs {
    vulkano_shaders::shader! {
        ty: "fragment",
        src: r"
            #version 450

            layout(location = 0) in vec2 tex_coords;
            layout(location = 0) out vec4 f_color;

            layout(set = 1, binding = 0) uniform sampler s;
            layout(set = 1, binding = 1) uniform texture2D tex;

            void main() {
                f_color = texture(sampler2D(tex, s), tex_coords);
            }
        ",
    }
}

struct RenderTask {
    swapchain_id: Id<Swapchain>,
    vertex_buffer_id: Id<Buffer>,
    current_texture_index: Arc<AtomicBool>,
    pipeline: Arc<GraphicsPipeline>,
    uniform_buffer_id: Id<Buffer>,
    uniform_buffer_sets: [Arc<DescriptorSet>; MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT as usize],
    sampler_sets: [Arc<DescriptorSet>; 2],
}

impl Task for RenderTask {
    type World = RenderContext;

    unsafe fn execute(
        &self,
        cbf: &mut RecordingCommandBuffer<'_>,
        tcx: &mut TaskContext<'_>,
        rcx: &Self::World,
    ) -> TaskResult {
        let frame_index = tcx.current_frame_index();
        let swapchain_state = tcx.swapchain(self.swapchain_id)?;
        let image_index = swapchain_state.current_image_index().unwrap();

        // Write to the uniform buffer designated for this frame.
        *tcx.write_buffer(self.uniform_buffer_id, ..)? = vs::Data {
            transform: {
                const DURATION: f64 = 5.0;

                let elapsed = SystemTime::now()
                    .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
                    .unwrap()
                    .as_secs_f64();
                let remainder = elapsed.rem_euclid(DURATION);
                let delta = (remainder / DURATION) as f32;
                let angle = delta * std::f32::consts::PI * 2.0;

                Mat4::from_rotation_z(angle).to_cols_array_2d()
            },
        };

        cbf.as_raw().begin_render_pass(
            &RenderPassBeginInfo {
                clear_values: vec![Some([0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0].into())],
                ..RenderPassBeginInfo::framebuffer(rcx.framebuffers[image_index as usize].clone())
            },
            &Default::default(),
        )?;
        cbf.set_viewport(0, slice::from_ref(&rcx.viewport))?;
        cbf.bind_pipeline_graphics(&self.pipeline)?;
        cbf.as_raw().bind_descriptor_sets(
            PipelineBindPoint::Graphics,
            self.pipeline.layout(),
            0,
            &[
                // Bind the uniform buffer designated for this frame.
                self.uniform_buffer_sets[frame_index as usize].as_raw(),
                // Bind the currently most up-to-date texture.
                self.sampler_sets[self.current_texture_index.load(Ordering::Relaxed) as usize]
                    .as_raw(),
            ],
            &[],
        )?;
        cbf.bind_vertex_buffers(0, &[self.vertex_buffer_id], &[0], &[], &[])?;

        unsafe { cbf.draw(4, 1, 0, 0) }?;

        cbf.as_raw().end_render_pass(&Default::default())?;

        cbf.destroy_objects(rcx.framebuffers.iter().cloned());
        cbf.destroy_objects(self.uniform_buffer_sets.iter().cloned());
        cbf.destroy_objects(self.sampler_sets.iter().cloned());

        Ok(())
    }
}

#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
fn run_worker(
    channel: mpsc::Receiver<()>,
    graphics_family_index: u32,
    transfer_family_index: u32,
    transfer_queue: Arc<Queue>,
    resources: Arc<Resources>,
    graphics_flight_id: Id<Flight>,
    transfer_flight_id: Id<Flight>,
    texture_ids: [Id<Image>; 2],
    current_texture_index: Arc<AtomicBool>,
) {
    // We are going to be updating one of 4 corners of the texture at any point in time. For that,
    // we will use a staging buffer and initiate a copy. However, since our texture is eventually
    // consistent and there are 2 replicas, that means that every time we update one of the
    // replicas the other replica is going to be behind by one update. Therefore we actually need 2
    // staging buffers as well: one for the update that happened to the currently up-to-date
    // texture (at `current_index`) and one for the update that is about to happen to the currently
    // out-of-date texture (at `!current_index`), so that we can apply both the current and the
    // upcoming update to the out-of-date texture. Then the out-of-date texture is the current
    // up-to-date texture and vice-versa, cycle repeating.
    let staging_buffer_ids = [(); 2].map(|_| {
        resources
            .create_buffer(
                BufferCreateInfo {
                    usage: BufferUsage::TRANSFER_SRC,
                    ..Default::default()
                },
                AllocationCreateInfo {
                    memory_type_filter: MemoryTypeFilter::PREFER_HOST
                        | MemoryTypeFilter::HOST_SEQUENTIAL_WRITE,
                    ..Default::default()
                },
                DeviceLayout::from_size_alignment(
                    TRANSFER_GRANULARITY as DeviceSize * TRANSFER_GRANULARITY as DeviceSize * 4,
                    1,
                )
                .unwrap(),
            )
            .unwrap()
    });

    let mut task_graph = TaskGraph::new(&resources, 1, 3);

    let virtual_front_staging_buffer_id = task_graph.add_buffer(&BufferCreateInfo::default());
    let virtual_back_staging_buffer_id = task_graph.add_buffer(&BufferCreateInfo::default());
    let virtual_texture_id = task_graph.add_image(&ImageCreateInfo {
        sharing: if graphics_family_index != transfer_family_index {
            Sharing::Concurrent(
                [graphics_family_index, transfer_family_index]
                    .into_iter()
                    .collect(),
            )
        } else {
            Sharing::Exclusive
        },
        ..Default::default()
    });

    task_graph.add_host_buffer_access(virtual_front_staging_buffer_id, HostAccessType::Write);

    task_graph
        .create_task_node(
            "Image Upload",
            QueueFamilyType::Transfer,
            UploadTask {
                front_staging_buffer_id: virtual_front_staging_buffer_id,
                back_staging_buffer_id: virtual_back_staging_buffer_id,
                texture_id: virtual_texture_id,
            },
        )
        .buffer_access(
            virtual_front_staging_buffer_id,
            AccessType::CopyTransferRead,
        )
        .buffer_access(virtual_back_staging_buffer_id, AccessType::CopyTransferRead)
        .image_access(
            virtual_texture_id,
            AccessType::CopyTransferWrite,
            ImageLayoutType::Optimal,
        );

    let task_graph = unsafe {
        task_graph.compile(&CompileInfo {
            queues: &[&transfer_queue],
            flight_id: transfer_flight_id,
            ..Default::default()
        })
    }
    .unwrap();

    thread::spawn(move || {
        let mut current_corner = 0;
        let mut last_frame = 0;

        // The worker thread is awakened by sending a signal through the channel. In a real program
        // you would likely send some actual data over the channel, instructing the worker what to
        // do, but our work is hard-coded.
        while let Ok(()) = channel.recv() {
            let graphics_flight = resources.flight(graphics_flight_id).unwrap();

            // We swap the texture index to use after a write, but there is no guarantee that other
            // tasks have actually moved on to using the new texture. What could happen then, if
            // the writes being done are quicker than rendering a frame (or any other task reading
            // the same resource), is the following:
            //
            // 1. Task A starts reading texture 0
            // 2. Task B writes texture 1, swapping the index
            // 3. Task B writes texture 0, swapping the index
            // 4. Task A stops reading texture 0
            //
            // This is known as the A/B/A problem. In this case it results in a data race, since
            // task A (rendering, in our case) is still reading texture 0 while task B (our worker)
            // has already started writing the very same texture.
            //
            // To solve this issue, we keep track of the frame counter before swapping the texture
            // index and ensure that any further write only happens after a frame was reached which
            // makes it impossible for any readers to be stuck on the old index, by waiting on the
            // frame to finish on the rendering thread.
            graphics_flight.wait_for_frame(last_frame, None).unwrap();

            let current_index = current_texture_index.load(Ordering::Relaxed);

            let resource_map = resource_map!(
                &task_graph,
                virtual_front_staging_buffer_id => staging_buffer_ids[current_index as usize],
                virtual_back_staging_buffer_id => staging_buffer_ids[!current_index as usize],
                // Write to the texture that's currently not in use for rendering.
                virtual_texture_id => texture_ids[!current_index as usize],
            )
            .unwrap();

            unsafe { task_graph.execute(resource_map, &current_corner, || {}) }.unwrap();

            // Block the thread until the transfer finishes.
            resources
                .flight(transfer_flight_id)
                .unwrap()
                .wait(None)
                .unwrap();

            last_frame = graphics_flight.current_frame();

            // Swap the texture used for rendering to the newly updated one.
            //
            // NOTE: We are relying on the fact that this thread is the only one doing stores.
            current_texture_index.store(!current_index, Ordering::Relaxed);

            current_corner += 1;
        }
    });
}

struct UploadTask {
    front_staging_buffer_id: Id<Buffer>,
    back_staging_buffer_id: Id<Buffer>,
    texture_id: Id<Image>,
}

impl Task for UploadTask {
    type World = usize;

    unsafe fn execute(
        &self,
        cbf: &mut RecordingCommandBuffer<'_>,
        tcx: &mut TaskContext<'_>,
        &current_corner: &Self::World,
    ) -> TaskResult {
        const CORNER_OFFSETS: [[u32; 3]; 4] = [
            [0, 0, 0],
            [TRANSFER_GRANULARITY, 0, 0],
            [TRANSFER_GRANULARITY, TRANSFER_GRANULARITY, 0],
            [0, TRANSFER_GRANULARITY, 0],
        ];

        let mut rng = rand::thread_rng();

        // We simulate some work for the worker to indulge in. In a real program this would likely
        // be some kind of I/O, for example reading from disk (think loading the next level in a
        // level-based game, loading the next chunk of terrain in an open-world game, etc.) or
        // downloading images or other data from the internet.
        //
        // NOTE: The size of these textures is exceedingly large on purpose, so that you can feel
        // that the update is in fact asynchronous due to the latency of the updates while the
        // rendering continues without any.
        let color = [rng.gen(), rng.gen(), rng.gen(), u8::MAX];
        tcx.write_buffer::<[_]>(self.front_staging_buffer_id, ..)?
            .fill(color);

        cbf.copy_buffer_to_image(&CopyBufferToImageInfo {
            src_buffer: self.front_staging_buffer_id,
            dst_image: self.texture_id,
            regions: &[BufferImageCopy {
                image_subresource: ImageSubresourceLayers {
                    aspects: ImageAspects::COLOR,
                    mip_level: 0,
                    array_layers: 0..1,
                },
                image_offset: CORNER_OFFSETS[current_corner % 4],
                image_extent: [TRANSFER_GRANULARITY, TRANSFER_GRANULARITY, 1],
                ..Default::default()
            }],
            ..Default::default()
        })?;

        if current_corner > 0 {
            cbf.copy_buffer_to_image(&CopyBufferToImageInfo {
                src_buffer: self.back_staging_buffer_id,
                dst_image: self.texture_id,
                regions: &[BufferImageCopy {
                    image_subresource: ImageSubresourceLayers {
                        aspects: ImageAspects::COLOR,
                        mip_level: 0,
                        array_layers: 0..1,
                    },
                    image_offset: CORNER_OFFSETS[(current_corner - 1) % 4],
                    image_extent: [TRANSFER_GRANULARITY, TRANSFER_GRANULARITY, 1],
                    ..Default::default()
                }],
                ..Default::default()
            })?;
        }

        Ok(())
    }
}

/// This function is called once during initialization, then again whenever the window is resized.
fn window_size_dependent_setup(
    resources: &Resources,
    swapchain_id: Id<Swapchain>,
    render_pass: &Arc<RenderPass>,
) -> Vec<Arc<Framebuffer>> {
    let swapchain_state = resources.swapchain(swapchain_id).unwrap();
    let images = swapchain_state.images();

    images
        .iter()
        .map(|image| {
            let view = ImageView::new_default(image.clone()).unwrap();

            Framebuffer::new(
                render_pass.clone(),
                FramebufferCreateInfo {
                    attachments: vec![view],
                    ..Default::default()
                },
            )
            .unwrap()
        })
        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
}