rust/compiler/rustc_mir_transform/src/coverage/counters.rs

use super::graph;

use graph::{BasicCoverageBlock, BcbBranch, CoverageGraph, TraverseCoverageGraphWithLoops};

use rustc_data_structures::fx::FxHashMap;
use rustc_data_structures::graph::WithNumNodes;
use rustc_index::bit_set::BitSet;
use rustc_index::IndexVec;
use rustc_middle::mir::coverage::*;

use std::fmt::{self, Debug};

/// The coverage counter or counter expression associated with a particular
/// BCB node or BCB edge.
#[derive(Clone)]
pub(super) enum BcbCounter {
    Counter { id: CounterId },
    Expression { id: ExpressionId },
}

impl BcbCounter {
    fn is_expression(&self) -> bool {
        matches!(self, Self::Expression { .. })
    }

    pub(super) fn as_term(&self) -> CovTerm {
        match *self {
            BcbCounter::Counter { id, .. } => CovTerm::Counter(id),
            BcbCounter::Expression { id, .. } => CovTerm::Expression(id),
        }
    }
}

impl Debug for BcbCounter {
    fn fmt(&self, fmt: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        match self {
            Self::Counter { id, .. } => write!(fmt, "Counter({:?})", id.index()),
            Self::Expression { id } => write!(fmt, "Expression({:?})", id.index()),
        }
    }
}

/// Generates and stores coverage counter and coverage expression information
/// associated with nodes/edges in the BCB graph.
pub(super) struct CoverageCounters {
    next_counter_id: CounterId,

    /// Coverage counters/expressions that are associated with individual BCBs.
    bcb_counters: IndexVec<BasicCoverageBlock, Option<BcbCounter>>,
    /// Coverage counters/expressions that are associated with the control-flow
    /// edge between two BCBs.
    bcb_edge_counters: FxHashMap<(BasicCoverageBlock, BasicCoverageBlock), BcbCounter>,
    /// Tracks which BCBs have a counter associated with some incoming edge.
    /// Only used by assertions, to verify that BCBs with incoming edge
    /// counters do not have their own physical counters (expressions are allowed).
    bcb_has_incoming_edge_counters: BitSet<BasicCoverageBlock>,
    /// Table of expression data, associating each expression ID with its
    /// corresponding operator (+ or -) and its LHS/RHS operands.
    expressions: IndexVec<ExpressionId, Expression>,
}

impl CoverageCounters {
    pub(super) fn new(basic_coverage_blocks: &CoverageGraph) -> Self {
        let num_bcbs = basic_coverage_blocks.num_nodes();

        Self {
            next_counter_id: CounterId::START,
            bcb_counters: IndexVec::from_elem_n(None, num_bcbs),
            bcb_edge_counters: FxHashMap::default(),
            bcb_has_incoming_edge_counters: BitSet::new_empty(num_bcbs),
            expressions: IndexVec::new(),
        }
    }

    /// Makes [`BcbCounter`] `Counter`s and `Expressions` for the `BasicCoverageBlock`s directly or
    /// indirectly associated with coverage spans, and accumulates additional `Expression`s
    /// representing intermediate values.
    pub fn make_bcb_counters(
        &mut self,
        basic_coverage_blocks: &CoverageGraph,
        bcb_has_coverage_spans: impl Fn(BasicCoverageBlock) -> bool,
    ) {
        MakeBcbCounters::new(self, basic_coverage_blocks).make_bcb_counters(bcb_has_coverage_spans)
    }

    fn make_counter(&mut self) -> BcbCounter {
        let id = self.next_counter();
        BcbCounter::Counter { id }
    }

    fn make_expression(&mut self, lhs: CovTerm, op: Op, rhs: CovTerm) -> BcbCounter {
        let id = self.expressions.push(Expression { lhs, op, rhs });
        BcbCounter::Expression { id }
    }

    /// Counter IDs start from one and go up.
    fn next_counter(&mut self) -> CounterId {
        let next = self.next_counter_id;
        self.next_counter_id = self.next_counter_id + 1;
        next
    }

    pub(super) fn num_counters(&self) -> usize {
        self.next_counter_id.as_usize()
    }

    #[cfg(test)]
    pub(super) fn num_expressions(&self) -> usize {
        self.expressions.len()
    }

    fn set_bcb_counter(&mut self, bcb: BasicCoverageBlock, counter_kind: BcbCounter) -> CovTerm {
        assert!(
            // If the BCB has an edge counter (to be injected into a new `BasicBlock`), it can also
            // have an expression (to be injected into an existing `BasicBlock` represented by this
            // `BasicCoverageBlock`).
            counter_kind.is_expression() || !self.bcb_has_incoming_edge_counters.contains(bcb),
            "attempt to add a `Counter` to a BCB target with existing incoming edge counters"
        );

        let term = counter_kind.as_term();
        if let Some(replaced) = self.bcb_counters[bcb].replace(counter_kind) {
            bug!(
                "attempt to set a BasicCoverageBlock coverage counter more than once; \
                {bcb:?} already had counter {replaced:?}",
            );
        } else {
            term
        }
    }

    fn set_bcb_edge_counter(
        &mut self,
        from_bcb: BasicCoverageBlock,
        to_bcb: BasicCoverageBlock,
        counter_kind: BcbCounter,
    ) -> CovTerm {
        // If the BCB has an edge counter (to be injected into a new `BasicBlock`), it can also
        // have an expression (to be injected into an existing `BasicBlock` represented by this
        // `BasicCoverageBlock`).
        if let Some(node_counter) = self.bcb_counter(to_bcb)
            && !node_counter.is_expression()
        {
            bug!(
                "attempt to add an incoming edge counter from {from_bcb:?} \
                when the target BCB already has {node_counter:?}"
            );
        }

        self.bcb_has_incoming_edge_counters.insert(to_bcb);
        let term = counter_kind.as_term();
        if let Some(replaced) = self.bcb_edge_counters.insert((from_bcb, to_bcb), counter_kind) {
            bug!(
                "attempt to set an edge counter more than once; from_bcb: \
                {from_bcb:?} already had counter {replaced:?}",
            );
        } else {
            term
        }
    }

    pub(super) fn bcb_counter(&self, bcb: BasicCoverageBlock) -> Option<&BcbCounter> {
        self.bcb_counters[bcb].as_ref()
    }

    pub(super) fn bcb_node_counters(
        &self,
    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (BasicCoverageBlock, &BcbCounter)> {
        self.bcb_counters
            .iter_enumerated()
            .filter_map(|(bcb, counter_kind)| Some((bcb, counter_kind.as_ref()?)))
    }

    /// For each edge in the BCB graph that has an associated counter, yields
    /// that edge's *from* and *to* nodes, and its counter.
    pub(super) fn bcb_edge_counters(
        &self,
    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (BasicCoverageBlock, BasicCoverageBlock, &BcbCounter)> {
        self.bcb_edge_counters
            .iter()
            .map(|(&(from_bcb, to_bcb), counter_kind)| (from_bcb, to_bcb, counter_kind))
    }

    pub(super) fn take_expressions(&mut self) -> IndexVec<ExpressionId, Expression> {
        std::mem::take(&mut self.expressions)
    }
}

/// Traverse the `CoverageGraph` and add either a `Counter` or `Expression` to every BCB, to be
/// injected with coverage spans. `Expressions` have no runtime overhead, so if a viable expression
/// (adding or subtracting two other counters or expressions) can compute the same result as an
/// embedded counter, an `Expression` should be used.
struct MakeBcbCounters<'a> {
    coverage_counters: &'a mut CoverageCounters,
    basic_coverage_blocks: &'a CoverageGraph,
}

impl<'a> MakeBcbCounters<'a> {
    fn new(
        coverage_counters: &'a mut CoverageCounters,
        basic_coverage_blocks: &'a CoverageGraph,
    ) -> Self {
        Self { coverage_counters, basic_coverage_blocks }
    }

    /// If two `BasicCoverageBlock`s branch from another `BasicCoverageBlock`, one of the branches
    /// can be counted by `Expression` by subtracting the other branch from the branching
    /// block. Otherwise, the `BasicCoverageBlock` executed the least should have the `Counter`.
    /// One way to predict which branch executes the least is by considering loops. A loop is exited
    /// at a branch, so the branch that jumps to a `BasicCoverageBlock` outside the loop is almost
    /// always executed less than the branch that does not exit the loop.
    fn make_bcb_counters(&mut self, bcb_has_coverage_spans: impl Fn(BasicCoverageBlock) -> bool) {
        debug!("make_bcb_counters(): adding a counter or expression to each BasicCoverageBlock");

        // Walk the `CoverageGraph`. For each `BasicCoverageBlock` node with an associated
        // coverage span, add a counter. If the `BasicCoverageBlock` branches, add a counter or
        // expression to each branch `BasicCoverageBlock` (if the branch BCB has only one incoming
        // edge) or edge from the branching BCB to the branch BCB (if the branch BCB has multiple
        // incoming edges).
        //
        // The `TraverseCoverageGraphWithLoops` traversal ensures that, when a loop is encountered,
        // all `BasicCoverageBlock` nodes in the loop are visited before visiting any node outside
        // the loop. The `traversal` state includes a `context_stack`, providing a way to know if
        // the current BCB is in one or more nested loops or not.
        let mut traversal = TraverseCoverageGraphWithLoops::new(self.basic_coverage_blocks);
        while let Some(bcb) = traversal.next() {
            if bcb_has_coverage_spans(bcb) {
                debug!("{:?} has at least one coverage span. Get or make its counter", bcb);
                self.make_node_and_branch_counters(&traversal, bcb);
            } else {
                debug!(
                    "{:?} does not have any coverage spans. A counter will only be added if \
                    and when a covered BCB has an expression dependency.",
                    bcb,
                );
            }
        }

        assert!(
            traversal.is_complete(),
            "`TraverseCoverageGraphWithLoops` missed some `BasicCoverageBlock`s: {:?}",
            traversal.unvisited(),
        );
    }

    fn make_node_and_branch_counters(
        &mut self,
        traversal: &TraverseCoverageGraphWithLoops<'_>,
        from_bcb: BasicCoverageBlock,
    ) {
        // First, ensure that this node has a counter of some kind.
        // We might also use its term later to compute one of the branch counters.
        let from_bcb_operand = self.get_or_make_counter_operand(from_bcb);

        let branches = self.bcb_branches(from_bcb);

        // If this node doesn't have multiple out-edges, or all of its out-edges
        // already have counters, then we don't need to create edge counters.
        let needs_branch_counters =
            branches.len() > 1 && branches.iter().any(|branch| self.branch_has_no_counter(branch));
        if !needs_branch_counters {
            return;
        }

        debug!(
            "{from_bcb:?} has some branch(es) without counters:\n  {}",
            branches
                .iter()
                .map(|branch| { format!("{:?}: {:?}", branch, self.branch_counter(branch)) })
                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                .join("\n  "),
        );

        // Use the `traversal` state to decide if a subset of the branches exit a loop, making it
        // likely that branch is executed less than branches that do not exit the same loop. In this
        // case, any branch that does not exit the loop (and has not already been assigned a
        // counter) should be counted by expression, if possible. (If a preferred expression branch
        // is not selected based on the loop context, select any branch without an existing
        // counter.)
        let expression_branch = self.choose_preferred_expression_branch(traversal, &branches);

        // Assign a Counter or Expression to each branch, plus additional `Expression`s, as needed,
        // to sum up intermediate results.
        let mut some_sumup_counter_operand = None;
        for branch in branches {
            // Skip the selected `expression_branch`, if any. It's expression will be assigned after
            // all others.
            if branch != expression_branch {
                let branch_counter_operand = if branch.is_only_path_to_target() {
                    debug!(
                        "  {branch:?} has only one incoming edge (from {from_bcb:?}), \
                        so adding a counter",
                    );
                    self.get_or_make_counter_operand(branch.target_bcb)
                } else {
                    debug!("  {:?} has multiple incoming edges, so adding an edge counter", branch);
                    self.get_or_make_edge_counter_operand(from_bcb, branch.target_bcb)
                };
                if let Some(sumup_counter_operand) =
                    some_sumup_counter_operand.replace(branch_counter_operand)
                {
                    let intermediate_expression = self.coverage_counters.make_expression(
                        branch_counter_operand,
                        Op::Add,
                        sumup_counter_operand,
                    );
                    debug!("  [new intermediate expression: {:?}]", intermediate_expression);
                    let intermediate_expression_operand = intermediate_expression.as_term();
                    some_sumup_counter_operand.replace(intermediate_expression_operand);
                }
            }
        }

        // Assign the final expression to the `expression_branch` by subtracting the total of all
        // other branches from the counter of the branching BCB.
        let sumup_counter_operand =
            some_sumup_counter_operand.expect("sumup_counter_operand should have a value");
        debug!(
            "Making an expression for the selected expression_branch: {:?} \
            (expression_branch predecessors: {:?})",
            expression_branch,
            self.bcb_predecessors(expression_branch.target_bcb),
        );
        let expression = self.coverage_counters.make_expression(
            from_bcb_operand,
            Op::Subtract,
            sumup_counter_operand,
        );
        debug!("{:?} gets an expression: {:?}", expression_branch, expression);
        let bcb = expression_branch.target_bcb;
        if expression_branch.is_only_path_to_target() {
            self.coverage_counters.set_bcb_counter(bcb, expression);
        } else {
            self.coverage_counters.set_bcb_edge_counter(from_bcb, bcb, expression);
        }
    }

    #[instrument(level = "debug", skip(self))]
    fn get_or_make_counter_operand(&mut self, bcb: BasicCoverageBlock) -> CovTerm {
        // If the BCB already has a counter, return it.
        if let Some(counter_kind) = &self.coverage_counters.bcb_counters[bcb] {
            debug!("{bcb:?} already has a counter: {counter_kind:?}");
            return counter_kind.as_term();
        }

        // A BCB with only one incoming edge gets a simple `Counter` (via `make_counter()`).
        // Also, a BCB that loops back to itself gets a simple `Counter`. This may indicate the
        // program results in a tight infinite loop, but it should still compile.
        let one_path_to_target = self.bcb_has_one_path_to_target(bcb);
        if one_path_to_target || self.bcb_predecessors(bcb).contains(&bcb) {
            let counter_kind = self.coverage_counters.make_counter();
            if one_path_to_target {
                debug!("{bcb:?} gets a new counter: {counter_kind:?}");
            } else {
                debug!(
                    "{bcb:?} has itself as its own predecessor. It can't be part of its own \
                    Expression sum, so it will get its own new counter: {counter_kind:?}. \
                    (Note, the compiled code will generate an infinite loop.)",
                );
            }
            return self.coverage_counters.set_bcb_counter(bcb, counter_kind);
        }

        // A BCB with multiple incoming edges can compute its count by `Expression`, summing up the
        // counters and/or expressions of its incoming edges. This will recursively get or create
        // counters for those incoming edges first, then call `make_expression()` to sum them up,
        // with additional intermediate expressions as needed.
        let _sumup_debug_span = debug_span!("(preparing sum-up expression)").entered();

        let mut predecessors = self.bcb_predecessors(bcb).to_owned().into_iter();
        let first_edge_counter_operand =
            self.get_or_make_edge_counter_operand(predecessors.next().unwrap(), bcb);
        let mut some_sumup_edge_counter_operand = None;
        for predecessor in predecessors {
            let edge_counter_operand = self.get_or_make_edge_counter_operand(predecessor, bcb);
            if let Some(sumup_edge_counter_operand) =
                some_sumup_edge_counter_operand.replace(edge_counter_operand)
            {
                let intermediate_expression = self.coverage_counters.make_expression(
                    sumup_edge_counter_operand,
                    Op::Add,
                    edge_counter_operand,
                );
                debug!("new intermediate expression: {intermediate_expression:?}");
                let intermediate_expression_operand = intermediate_expression.as_term();
                some_sumup_edge_counter_operand.replace(intermediate_expression_operand);
            }
        }
        let counter_kind = self.coverage_counters.make_expression(
            first_edge_counter_operand,
            Op::Add,
            some_sumup_edge_counter_operand.unwrap(),
        );
        drop(_sumup_debug_span);

        debug!("{bcb:?} gets a new counter (sum of predecessor counters): {counter_kind:?}");
        self.coverage_counters.set_bcb_counter(bcb, counter_kind)
    }

    #[instrument(level = "debug", skip(self))]
    fn get_or_make_edge_counter_operand(
        &mut self,
        from_bcb: BasicCoverageBlock,
        to_bcb: BasicCoverageBlock,
    ) -> CovTerm {
        // If the source BCB has only one successor (assumed to be the given target), an edge
        // counter is unnecessary. Just get or make a counter for the source BCB.
        let successors = self.bcb_successors(from_bcb).iter();
        if successors.len() == 1 {
            return self.get_or_make_counter_operand(from_bcb);
        }

        // If the edge already has a counter, return it.
        if let Some(counter_kind) =
            self.coverage_counters.bcb_edge_counters.get(&(from_bcb, to_bcb))
        {
            debug!("Edge {from_bcb:?}->{to_bcb:?} already has a counter: {counter_kind:?}");
            return counter_kind.as_term();
        }

        // Make a new counter to count this edge.
        let counter_kind = self.coverage_counters.make_counter();
        debug!("Edge {from_bcb:?}->{to_bcb:?} gets a new counter: {counter_kind:?}");
        self.coverage_counters.set_bcb_edge_counter(from_bcb, to_bcb, counter_kind)
    }

    /// Select a branch for the expression, either the recommended `reloop_branch`, or if none was
    /// found, select any branch.
    fn choose_preferred_expression_branch(
        &self,
        traversal: &TraverseCoverageGraphWithLoops<'_>,
        branches: &[BcbBranch],
    ) -> BcbBranch {
        let good_reloop_branch = self.find_good_reloop_branch(traversal, branches);
        if let Some(reloop_branch) = good_reloop_branch {
            assert!(self.branch_has_no_counter(&reloop_branch));
            debug!("Selecting reloop branch {reloop_branch:?} to get an expression");
            reloop_branch
        } else {
            let &branch_without_counter =
                branches.iter().find(|&branch| self.branch_has_no_counter(branch)).expect(
                    "needs_branch_counters was `true` so there should be at least one \
                    branch",
                );
            debug!(
                "Selecting any branch={:?} that still needs a counter, to get the \
                `Expression` because there was no `reloop_branch`, or it already had a \
                counter",
                branch_without_counter
            );
            branch_without_counter
        }
    }

    /// Tries to find a branch that leads back to the top of a loop, and that
    /// doesn't already have a counter. Such branches are good candidates to
    /// be given an expression (instead of a physical counter), because they
    /// will tend to be executed more times than a loop-exit branch.
    fn find_good_reloop_branch(
        &self,
        traversal: &TraverseCoverageGraphWithLoops<'_>,
        branches: &[BcbBranch],
    ) -> Option<BcbBranch> {
        // Consider each loop on the current traversal context stack, top-down.
        for reloop_bcbs in traversal.reloop_bcbs_per_loop() {
            let mut all_branches_exit_this_loop = true;

            // Try to find a branch that doesn't exit this loop and doesn't
            // already have a counter.
            for &branch in branches {
                // A branch is a reloop branch if it dominates any BCB that has
                // an edge back to the loop header. (Other branches are exits.)
                let is_reloop_branch = reloop_bcbs.iter().any(|&reloop_bcb| {
                    self.basic_coverage_blocks.dominates(branch.target_bcb, reloop_bcb)
                });

                if is_reloop_branch {
                    all_branches_exit_this_loop = false;
                    if self.branch_has_no_counter(&branch) {
                        // We found a good branch to be given an expression.
                        return Some(branch);
                    }
                    // Keep looking for another reloop branch without a counter.
                } else {
                    // This branch exits the loop.
                }
            }

            if !all_branches_exit_this_loop {
                // We found one or more reloop branches, but all of them already
                // have counters. Let the caller choose one of the exit branches.
                debug!("All reloop branches had counters; skip checking the other loops");
                return None;
            }

            // All of the branches exit this loop, so keep looking for a good
            // reloop branch for one of the outer loops.
        }

        None
    }

    #[inline]
    fn bcb_predecessors(&self, bcb: BasicCoverageBlock) -> &[BasicCoverageBlock] {
        &self.basic_coverage_blocks.predecessors[bcb]
    }

    #[inline]
    fn bcb_successors(&self, bcb: BasicCoverageBlock) -> &[BasicCoverageBlock] {
        &self.basic_coverage_blocks.successors[bcb]
    }

    #[inline]
    fn bcb_branches(&self, from_bcb: BasicCoverageBlock) -> Vec<BcbBranch> {
        self.bcb_successors(from_bcb)
            .iter()
            .map(|&to_bcb| BcbBranch::from_to(from_bcb, to_bcb, self.basic_coverage_blocks))
            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
    }

    fn branch_has_no_counter(&self, branch: &BcbBranch) -> bool {
        self.branch_counter(branch).is_none()
    }

    fn branch_counter(&self, branch: &BcbBranch) -> Option<&BcbCounter> {
        let to_bcb = branch.target_bcb;
        if let Some(from_bcb) = branch.edge_from_bcb {
            self.coverage_counters.bcb_edge_counters.get(&(from_bcb, to_bcb))
        } else {
            self.coverage_counters.bcb_counters[to_bcb].as_ref()
        }
    }

    /// Returns true if the BasicCoverageBlock has zero or one incoming edge. (If zero, it should be
    /// the entry point for the function.)
    #[inline]
    fn bcb_has_one_path_to_target(&self, bcb: BasicCoverageBlock) -> bool {
        self.bcb_predecessors(bcb).len() <= 1
    }
}