Migrate `TyCtxt::predicates_of` and `ParamEnv::caller_bounds` to `Clause`
The last big change in the series.
I will follow-up with additional filed issues once this PR lands:
- [ ] Investigate making `TypeFoldable<TyCtxt<'tcx>> for ty::Clause<'tcx>` implementation less weird: 2efe091705/compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/structural_impls.rs (L672)
- [ ] Clean up the elaborator since it should only be emitting child clauses, not predicates
- [ ] Rename identifiers like `pred` and `predicates` to `clause` if they're actually clauses around the codebase
- [ ] Validate that all of the `ToPredicate` impls are acutally still needed, or prune them if they're not
r? `@ghost` until the other branch lands
b5e51db16d