rust/src/libcore/macros.rs
Josh Triplett 07bff08e4f Copyediting on documentation for write! and writeln!
Fix various sentence fragments, missing articles, and other grammatical
issues in the documentation for write! and writeln!.

Also fix the links (and link names) for common return types.
2016-10-29 15:44:43 -07:00

654 lines
21 KiB
Rust

// Copyright 2014 The Rust Project Developers. See the COPYRIGHT
// file at the top-level directory of this distribution and at
// http://rust-lang.org/COPYRIGHT.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
// except according to those terms.
/// Entry point of thread panic, for details, see std::macros
#[macro_export]
#[allow_internal_unstable]
#[stable(feature = "core", since = "1.6.0")]
macro_rules! panic {
() => (
panic!("explicit panic")
);
($msg:expr) => ({
static _MSG_FILE_LINE: (&'static str, &'static str, u32) = ($msg, file!(), line!());
$crate::panicking::panic(&_MSG_FILE_LINE)
});
($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => ({
// The leading _'s are to avoid dead code warnings if this is
// used inside a dead function. Just `#[allow(dead_code)]` is
// insufficient, since the user may have
// `#[forbid(dead_code)]` and which cannot be overridden.
static _FILE_LINE: (&'static str, u32) = (file!(), line!());
$crate::panicking::panic_fmt(format_args!($fmt, $($arg)*), &_FILE_LINE)
});
}
/// Ensure that a boolean expression is `true` at runtime.
///
/// This will invoke the `panic!` macro if the provided expression cannot be
/// evaluated to `true` at runtime.
///
/// Assertions are always checked in both debug and release builds, and cannot
/// be disabled. See `debug_assert!` for assertions that are not enabled in
/// release builds by default.
///
/// Unsafe code relies on `assert!` to enforce run-time invariants that, if
/// violated could lead to unsafety.
///
/// Other use-cases of `assert!` include
/// [testing](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/testing.html) and enforcing
/// run-time invariants in safe code (whose violation cannot result in unsafety).
///
/// This macro has a second version, where a custom panic message can be provided.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// // the panic message for these assertions is the stringified value of the
/// // expression given.
/// assert!(true);
///
/// fn some_computation() -> bool { true } // a very simple function
///
/// assert!(some_computation());
///
/// // assert with a custom message
/// let x = true;
/// assert!(x, "x wasn't true!");
///
/// let a = 3; let b = 27;
/// assert!(a + b == 30, "a = {}, b = {}", a, b);
/// ```
#[macro_export]
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
macro_rules! assert {
($cond:expr) => (
if !$cond {
panic!(concat!("assertion failed: ", stringify!($cond)))
}
);
($cond:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => (
if !$cond {
panic!($($arg)+)
}
);
}
/// Asserts that two expressions are equal to each other.
///
/// On panic, this macro will print the values of the expressions with their
/// debug representations.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// let a = 3;
/// let b = 1 + 2;
/// assert_eq!(a, b);
/// ```
#[macro_export]
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
macro_rules! assert_eq {
($left:expr , $right:expr) => ({
match (&$left, &$right) {
(left_val, right_val) => {
if !(*left_val == *right_val) {
panic!("assertion failed: `(left == right)` \
(left: `{:?}`, right: `{:?}`)", left_val, right_val)
}
}
}
});
($left:expr , $right:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => ({
match (&($left), &($right)) {
(left_val, right_val) => {
if !(*left_val == *right_val) {
panic!("assertion failed: `(left == right)` \
(left: `{:?}`, right: `{:?}`): {}", left_val, right_val,
format_args!($($arg)*))
}
}
}
});
}
/// Asserts that two expressions are not equal to each other.
///
/// On panic, this macro will print the values of the expressions with their
/// debug representations.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// let a = 3;
/// let b = 2;
/// assert_ne!(a, b);
/// ```
#[macro_export]
#[stable(feature = "assert_ne", since = "1.12.0")]
macro_rules! assert_ne {
($left:expr , $right:expr) => ({
match (&$left, &$right) {
(left_val, right_val) => {
if *left_val == *right_val {
panic!("assertion failed: `(left != right)` \
(left: `{:?}`, right: `{:?}`)", left_val, right_val)
}
}
}
});
($left:expr , $right:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => ({
match (&($left), &($right)) {
(left_val, right_val) => {
if *left_val == *right_val {
panic!("assertion failed: `(left != right)` \
(left: `{:?}`, right: `{:?}`): {}", left_val, right_val,
format_args!($($arg)*))
}
}
}
});
}
/// Ensure that a boolean expression is `true` at runtime.
///
/// This will invoke the `panic!` macro if the provided expression cannot be
/// evaluated to `true` at runtime.
///
/// Like `assert!`, this macro also has a second version, where a custom panic
/// message can be provided.
///
/// Unlike `assert!`, `debug_assert!` statements are only enabled in non
/// optimized builds by default. An optimized build will omit all
/// `debug_assert!` statements unless `-C debug-assertions` is passed to the
/// compiler. This makes `debug_assert!` useful for checks that are too
/// expensive to be present in a release build but may be helpful during
/// development.
///
/// An unchecked assertion allows a program in an inconsistent state to keep
/// running, which might have unexpected consequences but does not introduce
/// unsafety as long as this only happens in safe code. The performance cost
/// of assertions, is however, not measurable in general. Replacing `assert!`
/// with `debug_assert!` is thus only encouraged after thorough profiling, and
/// more importantly, only in safe code!
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// // the panic message for these assertions is the stringified value of the
/// // expression given.
/// debug_assert!(true);
///
/// fn some_expensive_computation() -> bool { true } // a very simple function
/// debug_assert!(some_expensive_computation());
///
/// // assert with a custom message
/// let x = true;
/// debug_assert!(x, "x wasn't true!");
///
/// let a = 3; let b = 27;
/// debug_assert!(a + b == 30, "a = {}, b = {}", a, b);
/// ```
#[macro_export]
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
macro_rules! debug_assert {
($($arg:tt)*) => (if cfg!(debug_assertions) { assert!($($arg)*); })
}
/// Asserts that two expressions are equal to each other.
///
/// On panic, this macro will print the values of the expressions with their
/// debug representations.
///
/// Unlike `assert_eq!`, `debug_assert_eq!` statements are only enabled in non
/// optimized builds by default. An optimized build will omit all
/// `debug_assert_eq!` statements unless `-C debug-assertions` is passed to the
/// compiler. This makes `debug_assert_eq!` useful for checks that are too
/// expensive to be present in a release build but may be helpful during
/// development.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// let a = 3;
/// let b = 1 + 2;
/// debug_assert_eq!(a, b);
/// ```
#[macro_export]
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
macro_rules! debug_assert_eq {
($($arg:tt)*) => (if cfg!(debug_assertions) { assert_eq!($($arg)*); })
}
/// Asserts that two expressions are not equal to each other.
///
/// On panic, this macro will print the values of the expressions with their
/// debug representations.
///
/// Unlike `assert_ne!`, `debug_assert_ne!` statements are only enabled in non
/// optimized builds by default. An optimized build will omit all
/// `debug_assert_ne!` statements unless `-C debug-assertions` is passed to the
/// compiler. This makes `debug_assert_ne!` useful for checks that are too
/// expensive to be present in a release build but may be helpful during
/// development.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// let a = 3;
/// let b = 2;
/// debug_assert_ne!(a, b);
/// ```
#[macro_export]
#[stable(feature = "assert_ne", since = "1.12.0")]
macro_rules! debug_assert_ne {
($($arg:tt)*) => (if cfg!(debug_assertions) { assert_ne!($($arg)*); })
}
/// Helper macro for reducing boilerplate code for matching `Result` together
/// with converting downstream errors.
///
/// Prefer using `?` syntax to `try!`. `?` is built in to the language and is
/// more succinct than `try!`. It is the standard method for error propagation.
///
/// `try!` matches the given `Result`. In case of the `Ok` variant, the
/// expression has the value of the wrapped value.
///
/// In case of the `Err` variant, it retrieves the inner error. `try!` then
/// performs conversion using `From`. This provides automatic conversion
/// between specialized errors and more general ones. The resulting
/// error is then immediately returned.
///
/// Because of the early return, `try!` can only be used in functions that
/// return `Result`.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use std::io;
/// use std::fs::File;
/// use std::io::prelude::*;
///
/// enum MyError {
/// FileWriteError
/// }
///
/// impl From<io::Error> for MyError {
/// fn from(e: io::Error) -> MyError {
/// MyError::FileWriteError
/// }
/// }
///
/// fn write_to_file_using_try() -> Result<(), MyError> {
/// let mut file = try!(File::create("my_best_friends.txt"));
/// try!(file.write_all(b"This is a list of my best friends."));
/// println!("I wrote to the file");
/// Ok(())
/// }
/// // This is equivalent to:
/// fn write_to_file_using_match() -> Result<(), MyError> {
/// let mut file = try!(File::create("my_best_friends.txt"));
/// match file.write_all(b"This is a list of my best friends.") {
/// Ok(v) => v,
/// Err(e) => return Err(From::from(e)),
/// }
/// println!("I wrote to the file");
/// Ok(())
/// }
/// ```
#[macro_export]
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
macro_rules! try {
($expr:expr) => (match $expr {
$crate::result::Result::Ok(val) => val,
$crate::result::Result::Err(err) => {
return $crate::result::Result::Err($crate::convert::From::from(err))
}
})
}
/// Write formatted data into a buffer
///
/// This macro accepts a 'writer' (any value with a `write_fmt` method), a format string, and a
/// list of arguments to format.
///
/// The `write_fmt` method usually comes from an implementation of [`std::fmt::Write`][fmt_write]
/// or [`std::io::Write`][io_write] traits. The term 'writer' refers to an implementation of one of
/// these two traits.
///
/// Passed arguments will be formatted according to the specified format string and the resulting
/// string will be passed to the writer.
///
/// See [`std::fmt`][fmt] for more information on format syntax.
///
/// `write!` returns whatever the 'write_fmt' method returns.
///
/// Common return values include: [`fmt::Result`][fmt_result], [`io::Result`][io_result]
///
/// [fmt]: ../std/fmt/index.html
/// [fmt_write]: ../std/fmt/trait.Write.html
/// [io_write]: ../std/io/trait.Write.html
/// [fmt_result]: ../std/fmt/type.Result.html
/// [io_result]: ../std/io/type.Result.html
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use std::io::Write;
///
/// let mut w = Vec::new();
/// write!(&mut w, "test").unwrap();
/// write!(&mut w, "formatted {}", "arguments").unwrap();
///
/// assert_eq!(w, b"testformatted arguments");
/// ```
#[macro_export]
#[stable(feature = "core", since = "1.6.0")]
macro_rules! write {
($dst:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => ($dst.write_fmt(format_args!($($arg)*)))
}
/// Write formatted data into a buffer, with a newline appended.
///
/// On all platforms, the newline is the LINE FEED character (`\n`/`U+000A`) alone
/// (no additional CARRIAGE RETURN (`\r`/`U+000D`).
///
/// This macro accepts a 'writer' (any value with a `write_fmt` method), a format string, and a
/// list of arguments to format.
///
/// The `write_fmt` method usually comes from an implementation of [`std::fmt::Write`][fmt_write]
/// or [`std::io::Write`][io_write] traits. The term 'writer' refers to an implementation of one of
/// these two traits.
///
/// Passed arguments will be formatted according to the specified format string and the resulting
/// string will be passed to the writer, along with the appended newline.
///
/// See [`std::fmt`][fmt] for more information on format syntax.
///
/// `write!` returns whatever the 'write_fmt' method returns.
///
/// Common return values include: [`fmt::Result`][fmt_result], [`io::Result`][io_result]
///
/// [fmt]: ../std/fmt/index.html
/// [fmt_write]: ../std/fmt/trait.Write.html
/// [io_write]: ../std/io/trait.Write.html
/// [fmt_result]: ../std/fmt/type.Result.html
/// [io_result]: ../std/io/type.Result.html
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use std::io::Write;
///
/// let mut w = Vec::new();
/// writeln!(&mut w, "test").unwrap();
/// writeln!(&mut w, "formatted {}", "arguments").unwrap();
///
/// assert_eq!(&w[..], "test\nformatted arguments\n".as_bytes());
/// ```
#[macro_export]
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
macro_rules! writeln {
($dst:expr, $fmt:expr) => (
write!($dst, concat!($fmt, "\n"))
);
($dst:expr, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => (
write!($dst, concat!($fmt, "\n"), $($arg)*)
);
}
/// A utility macro for indicating unreachable code.
///
/// This is useful any time that the compiler can't determine that some code is unreachable. For
/// example:
///
/// * Match arms with guard conditions.
/// * Loops that dynamically terminate.
/// * Iterators that dynamically terminate.
///
/// # Panics
///
/// This will always panic.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// Match arms:
///
/// ```
/// # #[allow(dead_code)]
/// fn foo(x: Option<i32>) {
/// match x {
/// Some(n) if n >= 0 => println!("Some(Non-negative)"),
/// Some(n) if n < 0 => println!("Some(Negative)"),
/// Some(_) => unreachable!(), // compile error if commented out
/// None => println!("None")
/// }
/// }
/// ```
///
/// Iterators:
///
/// ```
/// # #[allow(dead_code)]
/// fn divide_by_three(x: u32) -> u32 { // one of the poorest implementations of x/3
/// for i in 0.. {
/// if 3*i < i { panic!("u32 overflow"); }
/// if x < 3*i { return i-1; }
/// }
/// unreachable!();
/// }
/// ```
#[macro_export]
#[stable(feature = "core", since = "1.6.0")]
macro_rules! unreachable {
() => ({
panic!("internal error: entered unreachable code")
});
($msg:expr) => ({
unreachable!("{}", $msg)
});
($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => ({
panic!(concat!("internal error: entered unreachable code: ", $fmt), $($arg)*)
});
}
/// A standardized placeholder for marking unfinished code. It panics with the
/// message `"not yet implemented"` when executed.
///
/// This can be useful if you are prototyping and are just looking to have your
/// code typecheck, or if you're implementing a trait that requires multiple
/// methods, and you're only planning on using one of them.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// Here's an example of some in-progress code. We have a trait `Foo`:
///
/// ```
/// trait Foo {
/// fn bar(&self);
/// fn baz(&self);
/// }
/// ```
///
/// We want to implement `Foo` on one of our types, but we also want to work on
/// just `bar()` first. In order for our code to compile, we need to implement
/// `baz()`, so we can use `unimplemented!`:
///
/// ```
/// # trait Foo {
/// # fn bar(&self);
/// # fn baz(&self);
/// # }
/// struct MyStruct;
///
/// impl Foo for MyStruct {
/// fn bar(&self) {
/// // implementation goes here
/// }
///
/// fn baz(&self) {
/// // let's not worry about implementing baz() for now
/// unimplemented!();
/// }
/// }
///
/// fn main() {
/// let s = MyStruct;
/// s.bar();
///
/// // we aren't even using baz() yet, so this is fine.
/// }
/// ```
#[macro_export]
#[stable(feature = "core", since = "1.6.0")]
macro_rules! unimplemented {
() => (panic!("not yet implemented"))
}
/// Built-in macros to the compiler itself.
///
/// These macros do not have any corresponding definition with a `macro_rules!`
/// macro, but are documented here. Their implementations can be found hardcoded
/// into libsyntax itself.
///
/// For more information, see documentation for `std`'s macros.
#[cfg(dox)]
pub mod builtin {
/// The core macro for formatted string creation & output.
///
/// For more information, see the documentation for [`std::format_args!`].
///
/// [`std::format_args!`]: ../std/macro.format_args.html
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! format_args { ($fmt:expr, $($args:tt)*) => ({
/* compiler built-in */
}) }
/// Inspect an environment variable at compile time.
///
/// For more information, see the documentation for [`std::env!`].
///
/// [`std::env!`]: ../std/macro.env.html
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! env { ($name:expr) => ({ /* compiler built-in */ }) }
/// Optionally inspect an environment variable at compile time.
///
/// For more information, see the documentation for [`std::option_env!`].
///
/// [`std::option_env!`]: ../std/macro.option_env.html
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! option_env { ($name:expr) => ({ /* compiler built-in */ }) }
/// Concatenate identifiers into one identifier.
///
/// For more information, see the documentation for [`std::concat_idents!`].
///
/// [`std::concat_idents!`]: ../std/macro.concat_idents.html
#[unstable(feature = "concat_idents_macro", issue = "29599")]
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! concat_idents {
($($e:ident),*) => ({ /* compiler built-in */ })
}
/// Concatenates literals into a static string slice.
///
/// For more information, see the documentation for [`std::concat!`].
///
/// [`std::concat!`]: ../std/macro.concat.html
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! concat { ($($e:expr),*) => ({ /* compiler built-in */ }) }
/// A macro which expands to the line number on which it was invoked.
///
/// For more information, see the documentation for [`std::line!`].
///
/// [`std::line!`]: ../std/macro.line.html
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! line { () => ({ /* compiler built-in */ }) }
/// A macro which expands to the column number on which it was invoked.
///
/// For more information, see the documentation for [`std::column!`].
///
/// [`std::column!`]: ../std/macro.column.html
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! column { () => ({ /* compiler built-in */ }) }
/// A macro which expands to the file name from which it was invoked.
///
/// For more information, see the documentation for [`std::file!`].
///
/// [`std::file!`]: ../std/macro.file.html
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! file { () => ({ /* compiler built-in */ }) }
/// A macro which stringifies its argument.
///
/// For more information, see the documentation for [`std::stringify!`].
///
/// [`std::stringify!`]: ../std/macro.stringify.html
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! stringify { ($t:tt) => ({ /* compiler built-in */ }) }
/// Includes a utf8-encoded file as a string.
///
/// For more information, see the documentation for [`std::include_str!`].
///
/// [`std::include_str!`]: ../std/macro.include_str.html
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! include_str { ($file:expr) => ({ /* compiler built-in */ }) }
/// Includes a file as a reference to a byte array.
///
/// For more information, see the documentation for [`std::include_bytes!`].
///
/// [`std::include_bytes!`]: ../std/macro.include_bytes.html
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! include_bytes { ($file:expr) => ({ /* compiler built-in */ }) }
/// Expands to a string that represents the current module path.
///
/// For more information, see the documentation for [`std::module_path!`].
///
/// [`std::module_path!`]: ../std/macro.module_path.html
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! module_path { () => ({ /* compiler built-in */ }) }
/// Boolean evaluation of configuration flags.
///
/// For more information, see the documentation for [`std::cfg!`].
///
/// [`std::cfg!`]: ../std/macro.cfg.html
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! cfg { ($($cfg:tt)*) => ({ /* compiler built-in */ }) }
/// Parse a file as an expression or an item according to the context.
///
/// For more information, see the documentation for [`std::include!`].
///
/// [`std::include!`]: ../std/macro.include.html
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! include { ($file:expr) => ({ /* compiler built-in */ }) }
}