Since discriminants do not support i128 yet, lets just calculate the boundaries within the 64 bits
that are supported. This also avoids an issue with bootstrapping on 32 bit systems due to #38727.
Fixes rebase fallout, makes code correct in presence of 128-bit constants.
This commit includes manual merge conflict resolution changes from a rebase by @est31.
This commit introduces 128-bit integers. Stage 2 builds and produces a working compiler which
understands and supports 128-bit integers throughout.
The general strategy used is to have rustc_i128 module which provides aliases for iu128, equal to
iu64 in stage9 and iu128 later. Since nowhere in rustc we rely on large numbers being supported,
this strategy is good enough to get past the first bootstrap stages to end up with a fully working
128-bit capable compiler.
In order for this strategy to work, number of locations had to be changed to use associated
max_value/min_value instead of MAX/MIN constants as well as the min_value (or was it max_value?)
had to be changed to use xor instead of shift so both 64-bit and 128-bit based consteval works
(former not necessarily producing the right results in stage1).
This commit includes manual merge conflict resolution changes from a rebase by @est31.
PTX support, take 2
- You can generate PTX using `--emit=asm` and the right (custom) target. Which
then you can run on a NVIDIA GPU.
- You can compile `core` to PTX. [Xargo] also works and it can compile some
other crates like `collections` (but I doubt all of those make sense on a GPU)
[Xargo]: https://github.com/japaric/xargo
- You can create "global" functions, which can be "called" by the host, using
the `"ptx-kernel"` ABI, e.g. `extern "ptx-kernel" fn kernel() { .. }`. Every
other function is a "device" function and can only be called by the GPU.
- Intrinsics like `__syncthreads()` and `blockIdx.x` are available as
`"platform-intrinsics"`. These intrinsics are *not* in the `core` crate but
any Rust user can create "bindings" to them using an `extern
"platform-intrinsics"` block. See example at the end.
- Trying to emit PTX with `-g` (debuginfo); you get an LLVM error. But I don't
think PTX can contain debuginfo anyway so `-g` should be ignored and a warning
should be printed ("`-g` doesn't work with this target" or something).
- "Single source" support. You *can't* write a single source file that contains
both host and device code. I think that should be possible to implement that
outside the compiler using compiler plugins / build scripts.
- The equivalent to CUDA `__shared__` which it's used to declare memory that's
shared between the threads of the same block. This could be implemented using
attributes: `#[shared] static mut SCRATCH_MEMORY: [f32; 64]` but hasn't been
implemented yet.
- Built-in targets. This PR doesn't add targets to the compiler just yet but one
can create custom targets to be able to emit PTX code (see the example at the
end). The idea is to have people experiment with this feature before
committing to it (built-in targets are "insta-stable")
- All functions must be "inlined". IOW, the `.rlib` must always contain the LLVM
bitcode of all the functions of the crate it was produced from. Otherwise, you
end with "undefined references" in the final PTX code but you won't get *any*
linker error because no linker is involved. IOW, you'll hit a runtime error
when loading the PTX into the GPU. The workaround is to use `#[inline]` on
non-generic functions and to never use `#[inline(never)]` but this may not
always be possible because e.g. you could be relying on third party code.
- Should `--emit=asm` generate a `.ptx` file instead of a `.s` file?
TL;DR Use Xargo to turn a crate into a PTX module (a `.s` file). Then pass that
PTX module, as a string, to the GPU and run it.
The full code is in [this repository]. This section gives an overview of how to
run Rust code on a NVIDIA GPU.
[this repository]: https://github.com/japaric/cuda
- Create a custom target. Here's the 64-bit NVPTX target (NOTE: the comments
are not valid because this is supposed to be a JSON file; remove them before
you use this file):
``` js
// nvptx64-nvidia-cuda.json
{
"arch": "nvptx64", // matches LLVM
"cpu": "sm_20", // "oldest" compute capability supported by LLVM
"data-layout": "e-i64:64-v16:16-v32:32-n16:32:64",
"llvm-target": "nvptx64-nvidia-cuda",
"max-atomic-width": 0, // LLVM errors with any other value :-(
"os": "cuda", // matches LLVM
"panic-strategy": "abort",
"target-endian": "little",
"target-pointer-width": "64",
"target-vendor": "nvidia", // matches LLVM -- not required
}
```
(There's a 32-bit target specification in the linked repository)
- Write a kernel
``` rust
extern "platform-intrinsic" {
fn nvptx_block_dim_x() -> i32;
fn nvptx_block_idx_x() -> i32;
fn nvptx_thread_idx_x() -> i32;
}
/// Copies an array of `n` floating point numbers from `src` to `dst`
pub unsafe extern "ptx-kernel" fn memcpy(dst: *mut f32,
src: *const f32,
n: usize) {
let i = (nvptx_block_dim_x() as isize)
.wrapping_mul(nvptx_block_idx_x() as isize)
.wrapping_add(nvptx_thread_idx_x() as isize);
if (i as usize) < n {
*dst.offset(i) = *src.offset(i);
}
}
```
- Emit PTX code
```
$ xargo rustc --target nvptx64-nvidia-cuda --release -- --emit=asm
Compiling core v0.0.0 (file://..)
(..)
Compiling nvptx-builtins v0.1.0 (https://github.com/japaric/nvptx-builtins)
Compiling kernel v0.1.0
$ cat target/nvptx64-nvidia-cuda/release/deps/kernel-*.s
//
// Generated by LLVM NVPTX Back-End
//
.version 3.2
.target sm_20
.address_size 64
// .globl memcpy
.visible .entry memcpy(
.param .u64 memcpy_param_0,
.param .u64 memcpy_param_1,
.param .u64 memcpy_param_2
)
{
.reg .pred %p<2>;
.reg .s32 %r<5>;
.reg .s64 %rd<12>;
ld.param.u64 %rd7, [memcpy_param_2];
mov.u32 %r1, %ntid.x;
mov.u32 %r2, %ctaid.x;
mul.wide.s32 %rd8, %r2, %r1;
mov.u32 %r3, %tid.x;
cvt.s64.s32 %rd9, %r3;
add.s64 %rd10, %rd9, %rd8;
setp.ge.u64 %p1, %rd10, %rd7;
@%p1 bra LBB0_2;
ld.param.u64 %rd3, [memcpy_param_0];
ld.param.u64 %rd4, [memcpy_param_1];
cvta.to.global.u64 %rd5, %rd4;
cvta.to.global.u64 %rd6, %rd3;
shl.b64 %rd11, %rd10, 2;
add.s64 %rd1, %rd6, %rd11;
add.s64 %rd2, %rd5, %rd11;
ld.global.u32 %r4, [%rd2];
st.global.u32 [%rd1], %r4;
LBB0_2:
ret;
}
```
- Run it on the GPU
``` rust
// `kernel.ptx` is the `*.s` file we got in the previous step
const KERNEL: &'static str = include_str!("kernel.ptx");
driver::initialize()?;
let device = Device(0)?;
let ctx = device.create_context()?;
let module = ctx.load_module(KERNEL)?;
let kernel = module.function("memcpy")?;
let h_a: Vec<f32> = /* create some random data */;
let h_b = vec![0.; N];
let d_a = driver::allocate(bytes)?;
let d_b = driver::allocate(bytes)?;
// Copy from host to GPU
driver::copy(h_a, d_a)?;
// Run `memcpy` on the GPU
kernel.launch(d_b, d_a, N)?;
// Copy from GPU to host
driver::copy(d_b, h_b)?;
// Verify
assert_eq!(h_a, h_b);
// `d_a`, `d_b`, `h_a`, `h_b` are dropped/freed here
```
---
cc @alexcrichton @brson @rkruppe
> What has changed since #34195?
- `core` now can be compiled into PTX. Which makes it very easy to turn `no_std`
crates into "kernels" with the help of Xargo.
- There's now a way, the `"ptx-kernel"` ABI, to generate "global" functions. The
old PR required a manual step (it was hack) to "convert" "device" functions
into "global" functions. (Only "global" functions can be launched by the host)
- Everything is unstable. There are not "insta stable" built-in targets this
time (\*). The users have to use a custom target to experiment with this
feature. Also, PTX instrinsics, like `__syncthreads` and `blockIdx.x`, are now
implemented as `"platform-intrinsics"` so they no longer live in the `core`
crate.
(\*) I'd actually like to have in-tree targets because that makes this target
more discoverable, removes the need to lug around .json files, etc.
However, bundling a target with the compiler immediately puts it in the path
towards stabilization. Which gives us just two cycles to find and fix any
problem with the target specification. Afterwards, it becomes hard to tweak
the specification because that could be a breaking change.
A possible solution could be "unstable built-in targets". Basically, to use an
unstable target, you'll have to also pass `-Z unstable-options` to the compiler.
And unstable targets, being unstable, wouldn't be available on stable.
> Why should this be merged?
- To let people experiment with the feature out of tree. Having easy access to
the feature (in every nightly) allows this. I also think that, as it is, it
should be possible to start prototyping type-safe single source support using
build scripts, macros and/or plugins.
- It's a straightforward implementation. No different that adding support for
any other architecture.
- `--emit=asm --target=nvptx64-nvidia-cuda` can be used to turn a crate
into a PTX module (a `.s` file).
- intrinsics like `__syncthreads` and `blockIdx.x` are exposed as
`"platform-intrinsics"`.
- "cabi" has been implemented for the nvptx and nvptx64 architectures.
i.e. `extern "C"` works.
- a new ABI, `"ptx-kernel"`. That can be used to generate "global"
functions. Example: `extern "ptx-kernel" fn kernel() { .. }`. All
other functions are "device" functions.
Alignment was removed from createBasicType and moved to
- createGlobalVariable
- createAutoVariable
- createStaticMemberType (unused in Rust)
- createTempGlobalVariableFwdDecl (unused in Rust)
e69c459a6e
In LLVM 4.0, this enum becomes an actual type-safe enum, which breaks
all of the interfaces. Introduce our own copy of the bitflags that we
can then safely convert to the LLVM one.
StringRefs have a length and their contents are not usually null-terminated.
The solution is to either copy the string data (in rustc_llvm::diagnostic) or take the size into account (in LLVMRustPrintPasses).
I couldn't trigger a bug caused by this (apparently all the strings returned in practice are actually null-terminated) but this is more correct and more future-proof.
[LLVM 4.0] Use llvm::Attribute APIs instead of "raw value" APIs
The latter will be removed in LLVM 4.0 (see 4a6fc8bacf).
The librustc_llvm API remains mostly unchanged, except that llvm::Attribute is no longer a bitflag but represents only a *single* attribute.
The ability to store many attributes in a small number of bits and modify them without interacting with LLVM is only used in rustc_trans::abi and closely related modules, and only attributes for function arguments are considered there.
Thus rustc_trans::abi now has its own bit-packed representation of argument attributes, which are translated to rustc_llvm::Attribute when applying the attributes.
cc #37609
The librustc_llvm API remains mostly unchanged, except that llvm::Attribute is no longer a bitflag but represents only a *single* attribute.
The ability to store many attributes in a small number of bits and modify them without interacting with LLVM is only used in rustc_trans::abi and closely related modules, and only attributes for function arguments are considered there.
Thus rustc_trans::abi now has its own bit-packed representation of argument attributes, which are translated to rustc_llvm::Attribute when applying the attributes.
to actually use the AAPCS calling convention
closes#37810
This is technically a [breaking-change] because it changes the ABI of
`extern "aapcs"` functions that (a) involve `f32`/`f64` arguments/return
values and (b) are compiled for arm-eabihf targets from
"aapcs-vfp" (wrong) to "aapcs" (correct).
Appendix:
What these ABIs mean?
- In the "aapcs-vfp" ABI or "hard float" calling convention: Floating
point values are passed/returned through FPU registers (s0, s1, d0, etc.)
- Whereas, in the "aapcs" ABI or "soft float" calling convention:
Floating point values are passed/returned through general purpose
registers (r0, r1, etc.)
Mixing these ABIs can cause problems if the caller assumes that the
routine is using one of these ABIs but it's actually using the other
one.
When compiling compiler-rt you typically compile with `-fvisibility=hidden`
which to ensure that all symbols are hidden in shared objects and don't show up
in symbol tables. This is important for these intrinsics being linked in every
crate to ensure that we're not unnecessarily bloating the public ABI of Rust
crates.
This should help allow the compiler-builtins project with Rust-defined builtins
start landing in-tree as well.
The `Linkage` enum in librustc_llvm got out of sync with the version in LLVM and it caused two variants of the #[linkage=""] attribute to break.
This adds the functions `LLVMRustGetLinkage` and `LLVMRustSetLinkage` which convert between the Rust Linkage enum and the LLVM one, which should stop this from breaking every time LLVM changes it.
Fixes#33992
Macro expansions produce code tagged with debug locations that are completely different from the surrounding expressions. This wrecks havoc on debugger's ability the step over source lines.
In order to have a good line stepping behavior in debugger, we overwrite debug locations of macro expansions with that of the outermost expansion site.
