mirror of
https://github.com/rust-lang/rust.git
synced 2024-11-25 00:03:43 +00:00
Steve Klabnik
Alex Crichton
parent
bf61bb6b7f
commit
e16a87513a
1
configure
vendored
1
configure
vendored
@ -876,7 +876,6 @@ do
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make_dir $h/test/doc-guide-pointers
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make_dir $h/test/doc-guide-container
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make_dir $h/test/doc-guide-tasks
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make_dir $h/test/doc-complement-cheatsheet
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make_dir $h/test/doc-rust
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done
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@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
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######################################################################
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DOCS := index intro tutorial guide-ffi guide-macros guide-lifetimes \
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guide-tasks guide-container guide-pointers guide-testing \
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guide-runtime complement-bugreport complement-cheatsheet \
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guide-runtime complement-bugreport \
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complement-lang-faq complement-design-faq complement-project-faq rust \
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rustdoc guide-unsafe
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@ -1,280 +0,0 @@
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% Rust Cheatsheet
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# How do I convert *X* to *Y*?
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**Int to string**
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Use [`ToStr`](std/to_str/trait.ToStr.html).
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~~~
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let x: int = 42;
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let y: String = x.to_str();
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~~~
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**String to int**
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Use [`FromStr`](std/from_str/trait.FromStr.html), and its helper function,
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[`from_str`](std/from_str/fn.from_str.html).
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~~~
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let x: Option<int> = from_str("42");
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let y: int = x.unwrap();
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~~~
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**Int to string, in non-base-10**
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Use the `format!` syntax extension.
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~~~
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let x: int = 42;
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let y: String = format!("{:t}", x); // binary
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let y: String = format!("{:o}", x); // octal
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let y: String = format!("{:x}", x); // lowercase hexadecimal
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let y: String = format!("{:X}", x); // uppercase hexadecimal
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~~~
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**String to int, in non-base-10**
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Use [`FromStrRadix`](std/num/trait.FromStrRadix.html), and its helper
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function, [`from_str_radix`](std/num/fn.from_str_radix.html).
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~~~
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use std::num;
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let x: Option<i64> = num::from_str_radix("deadbeef", 16);
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let y: i64 = x.unwrap();
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~~~
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**Vector of Bytes to String**
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To return a Borrowed String Slice (&str) use the str helper function
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[`from_utf8`](std/str/fn.from_utf8.html).
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~~~
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use std::str;
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let bytes = &[104u8,105u8];
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let x: &str = str::from_utf8(bytes).unwrap();
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~~~
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To return an Owned String use the str helper function
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[`from_utf8_owned`](std/str/fn.from_utf8_owned.html).
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~~~
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use std::str;
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let x: Option<String> =
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str::from_utf8([ 104u8, 105u8 ]).map(|x| x.to_string());
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let y: String = x.unwrap();
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~~~
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To return a [`MaybeOwned`](std/str/type.MaybeOwned.html) use the str helper
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function [`from_utf8_lossy`](std/str/fn.from_utf8_owned.html).
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This function also replaces non-valid utf-8 sequences with U+FFFD replacement
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character.
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~~~
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use std::str;
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let x = b"Hello \xF0\x90\x80World!";
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let y = str::from_utf8_lossy(x);
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~~~
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**`Vec<T>`/`String` to `&[T]`/`&str`**
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The `.as_slice` method on each type provides a borrowed slice pointing
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to the contents of a `Vec` or `String`. The slice points directly to
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the data already stored in the vector or string, and so is a very
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cheap operation (no allocations or complicated computations required).
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~~~
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let vec: Vec<u32> = vec![1, 2, 3];
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let slice: &[u32] = vec.as_slice();
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let string: String = "foo bar".to_string();
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let str_slice: &str = string.as_slice();
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~~~
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`Vec` also provides the `.as_mut_slice` method for viewing the
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contained data as a `&mut [T]`.
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# File operations
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## How do I read from a file?
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Use
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[`File::open`](std/io/fs/struct.File.html#method.open)
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to create a
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[`File`](std/io/fs/struct.File.html)
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struct, which implements the
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[`Reader`](std/io/trait.Reader.html)
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trait.
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~~~ {.ignore}
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use std::path::Path;
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use std::io::fs::File;
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let path : Path = Path::new("Doc-FAQ-Cheatsheet.md");
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let on_error = || fail!("open of {:?} failed", path);
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let reader : File = File::open(&path).unwrap_or_else(on_error);
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~~~
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## How do I iterate over the lines in a file?
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Use the [`lines`](std/io/trait.Buffer.html#method.lines) method on a
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[`BufferedReader`](std/io/struct.BufferedReader.html).
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~~~
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use std::io::BufferedReader;
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# use std::io::MemReader;
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# let reader = MemReader::new(vec!());
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let mut reader = BufferedReader::new(reader);
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for line in reader.lines() {
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print!("line: {}", line);
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}
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~~~
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# String operations
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## How do I search for a substring?
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Use the [`find_str`](std/str/trait.StrSlice.html#tymethod.find_str) method.
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~~~
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let str = "Hello, this is some random string";
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let index: Option<uint> = str.find_str("rand");
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~~~
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# Containers
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## How do I get the length of a vector?
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The [`Container`](std/container/trait.Container.html) trait provides the `len` method.
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~~~
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let u: Vec<u32> = vec![0, 1, 2];
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let v: &[u32] = &[0, 1, 2, 3];
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let w: [u32, .. 5] = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4];
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println!("u: {}, v: {}, w: {}", u.len(), v.len(), w.len()); // 3, 4, 5
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~~~
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## How do I iterate over a vector?
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Use the [`iter`](std/slice/trait.ImmutableVector.html#tymethod.iter) method.
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~~~
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let values: Vec<int> = vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
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for value in values.iter() { // value: &int
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println!("{}", *value);
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}
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~~~
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(See also [`mut_iter`](std/slice/trait.MutableVector.html#tymethod.mut_iter)
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which yields `&mut int` and
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[`move_iter`](std/slice/trait.OwnedVector.html#tymethod.move_iter) which yields
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`int` while consuming the `values` vector.)
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# Type system
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## How do I store a function in a struct?
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~~~
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struct Foo {
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myfunc: fn(int, uint) -> i32
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}
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struct FooClosure<'a> {
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myfunc: |int, uint|: 'a -> i32
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}
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fn a(a: int, b: uint) -> i32 {
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(a as uint + b) as i32
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}
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fn main() {
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let f = Foo { myfunc: a };
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let g = FooClosure { myfunc: |a, b| { (a - b as int) as i32 } };
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println!("{}", (f.myfunc)(1, 2));
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println!("{}", (g.myfunc)(3, 4));
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}
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~~~
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Note that the parenthesis surrounding `f.myfunc` are necessary: they are how Rust disambiguates field lookup and method call. The `'a` on `FooClosure` is the lifetime of the closure's environment pointer.
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## How do I express phantom types?
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[Phantom types](http://www.haskell.org/haskellwiki/Phantom_type) are those that cannot be constructed at compile time. To express these in Rust, zero-variant `enum`s can be used:
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~~~
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enum Open {}
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enum Closed {}
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~~~
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Phantom types are useful for enforcing state at compile time. For example:
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~~~
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struct Door<State>(String);
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struct Open;
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struct Closed;
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fn close(Door(name): Door<Open>) -> Door<Closed> {
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Door::<Closed>(name)
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}
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fn open(Door(name): Door<Closed>) -> Door<Open> {
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Door::<Open>(name)
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}
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let _ = close(Door::<Open>("front".to_string()));
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~~~
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Attempting to close a closed door is prevented statically:
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~~~ {.ignore}
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let _ = close(Door::<Closed>("front".to_string())); // error: mismatched types: expected `main::Door<main::Open>` but found `main::Door<main::Closed>`
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~~~
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# FFI (Foreign Function Interface)
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## C function signature conversions
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| Description | C signature | Equivalent Rust signature |
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|---------------------|-----------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------|
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| no parameters | `void foo(void);` | `fn foo();` |
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| return value | `int foo(void);` | `fn foo() -> c_int;` |
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| function parameters | `void foo(int x, int y);` | `fn foo(x: c_int, y: c_int);` |
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| in-out pointers | `void foo(const int* in_ptr, int* out_ptr);` | `fn foo(in_ptr: *c_int, out_ptr: *mut c_int);` |
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Note: The Rust signatures should be wrapped in an `extern "ABI" { ... }` block.
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### Representing opaque handles
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You might see things like this in C APIs:
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~~~c
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typedef struct Window Window;
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Window* createWindow(int width, int height);
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~~~
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You can use a zero-element `enum` ([phantom type](#how-do-i-express-phantom-types)) to represent the opaque object handle. The FFI would look like this:
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~~~ {.ignore}
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enum Window {}
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extern "C" {
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fn createWindow(width: c_int, height: c_int) -> *Window;
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}
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~~~
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Using a phantom type ensures that the handles cannot be (safely) constructed in client code.
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# Contributing to this page
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For small examples, have full type annotations, as much as is reasonable, to keep it clear what, exactly, everything is doing. Try to link to the API docs, as well.
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Similar documents for other programming languages:
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* [http://pleac.sourceforge.net/](http://pleac.sourceforge.net)
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@ -28,7 +28,6 @@ li {list-style-type: none; }
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* [Language Design FAQ](complement-design-faq.html)
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* [Language FAQ](complement-lang-faq.html)
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* [Project FAQ](complement-project-faq.html)
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* [Code cheatsheet](complement-cheatsheet.html) - "How do I do X?"
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* [How to submit a bug report](complement-bugreport.html)
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# Libraries
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Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user