diff --git a/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/lib.rs b/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/lib.rs
index 37ee9a5140a..03ad75ca8b4 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/lib.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/lib.rs
@@ -427,7 +427,7 @@ pub fn lower_to_hir(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, (): ()) -> hir::Crate<'_> {
     tcx.ensure_with_value().early_lint_checks(());
     tcx.ensure_with_value().debugger_visualizers(LOCAL_CRATE);
     tcx.ensure_with_value().get_lang_items(());
-    let (mut resolver, krate) = tcx.resolver_for_lowering(()).steal();
+    let (mut resolver, krate) = tcx.resolver_for_lowering().steal();
 
     let ast_index = index_crate(&resolver.node_id_to_def_id, &krate);
     let mut owners = IndexVec::from_fn_n(
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_driver_impl/src/lib.rs b/compiler/rustc_driver_impl/src/lib.rs
index 3b6bf0005a3..89ab5c6bd3b 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_driver_impl/src/lib.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_driver_impl/src/lib.rs
@@ -418,7 +418,7 @@ fn run_compiler(
             }
 
             // Make sure name resolution and macro expansion is run.
-            queries.global_ctxt()?.enter(|tcx| tcx.resolver_for_lowering(()));
+            queries.global_ctxt()?.enter(|tcx| tcx.resolver_for_lowering());
 
             if callbacks.after_expansion(compiler, queries) == Compilation::Stop {
                 return early_exit();
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_driver_impl/src/pretty.rs b/compiler/rustc_driver_impl/src/pretty.rs
index 768d98ce01e..c9bbe45b212 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_driver_impl/src/pretty.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_driver_impl/src/pretty.rs
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ impl<'tcx> PrintExtra<'tcx> {
     {
         match self {
             PrintExtra::AfterParsing { krate, .. } => f(krate),
-            PrintExtra::NeedsAstMap { tcx } => f(&tcx.resolver_for_lowering(()).borrow().1),
+            PrintExtra::NeedsAstMap { tcx } => f(&tcx.resolver_for_lowering().borrow().1),
         }
     }
 
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ pub fn print<'tcx>(sess: &Session, ppm: PpMode, ex: PrintExtra<'tcx>) {
         }
         AstTreeExpanded => {
             debug!("pretty-printing expanded AST");
-            format!("{:#?}", ex.tcx().resolver_for_lowering(()).borrow().1)
+            format!("{:#?}", ex.tcx().resolver_for_lowering().borrow().1)
         }
         Hir(s) => {
             debug!("pretty printing HIR {:?}", s);
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_interface/src/passes.rs b/compiler/rustc_interface/src/passes.rs
index 61f0ab14e8c..4b4c1d6cf67 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_interface/src/passes.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_interface/src/passes.rs
@@ -280,7 +280,7 @@ fn configure_and_expand(
 
 fn early_lint_checks(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, (): ()) {
     let sess = tcx.sess;
-    let (resolver, krate) = &*tcx.resolver_for_lowering(()).borrow();
+    let (resolver, krate) = &*tcx.resolver_for_lowering().borrow();
     let mut lint_buffer = resolver.lint_buffer.steal();
 
     if sess.opts.unstable_opts.input_stats {
@@ -531,10 +531,10 @@ fn write_out_deps(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, outputs: &OutputFilenames, out_filenames: &[P
     }
 }
 
-fn resolver_for_lowering<'tcx>(
+fn resolver_for_lowering_raw<'tcx>(
     tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
     (): (),
-) -> &'tcx Steal<(ty::ResolverAstLowering, Lrc<ast::Crate>)> {
+) -> (&'tcx Steal<(ty::ResolverAstLowering, Lrc<ast::Crate>)>, &'tcx ty::ResolverGlobalCtxt) {
     let arenas = Resolver::arenas();
     let _ = tcx.registered_tools(()); // Uses `crate_for_resolver`.
     let (krate, pre_configured_attrs) = tcx.crate_for_resolver(()).steal();
@@ -549,16 +549,15 @@ fn resolver_for_lowering<'tcx>(
         ast_lowering: untracked_resolver_for_lowering,
     } = resolver.into_outputs();
 
-    let feed = tcx.feed_unit_query();
-    feed.resolutions(tcx.arena.alloc(untracked_resolutions));
-    tcx.arena.alloc(Steal::new((untracked_resolver_for_lowering, Lrc::new(krate))))
+    let resolutions = tcx.arena.alloc(untracked_resolutions);
+    (tcx.arena.alloc(Steal::new((untracked_resolver_for_lowering, Lrc::new(krate)))), resolutions)
 }
 
 pub(crate) fn write_dep_info(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>) {
     // Make sure name resolution and macro expansion is run for
     // the side-effect of providing a complete set of all
     // accessed files and env vars.
-    let _ = tcx.resolver_for_lowering(());
+    let _ = tcx.resolver_for_lowering();
 
     let sess = tcx.sess;
     let _timer = sess.timer("write_dep_info");
@@ -607,7 +606,10 @@ pub static DEFAULT_QUERY_PROVIDERS: LazyLock<Providers> = LazyLock::new(|| {
     let providers = &mut Providers::default();
     providers.analysis = analysis;
     providers.hir_crate = rustc_ast_lowering::lower_to_hir;
-    providers.resolver_for_lowering = resolver_for_lowering;
+    providers.resolver_for_lowering_raw = resolver_for_lowering_raw;
+    providers.stripped_cfg_items =
+        |tcx, _| tcx.arena.alloc_from_iter(tcx.resolutions(()).stripped_cfg_items.steal());
+    providers.resolutions = |tcx, ()| tcx.resolver_for_lowering_raw(()).1;
     providers.early_lint_checks = early_lint_checks;
     proc_macro_decls::provide(providers);
     rustc_const_eval::provide(providers);
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_interface/src/queries.rs b/compiler/rustc_interface/src/queries.rs
index 7cdf7cd25b1..da11d090b74 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_interface/src/queries.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_interface/src/queries.rs
@@ -8,8 +8,7 @@ use rustc_codegen_ssa::CodegenResults;
 use rustc_data_structures::steal::Steal;
 use rustc_data_structures::svh::Svh;
 use rustc_data_structures::sync::{AppendOnlyIndexVec, FreezeLock, OnceLock, WorkerLocal};
-use rustc_hir::def::DefKind;
-use rustc_hir::def_id::{StableCrateId, CRATE_DEF_ID, LOCAL_CRATE};
+use rustc_hir::def_id::{StableCrateId, LOCAL_CRATE};
 use rustc_hir::definitions::Definitions;
 use rustc_incremental::setup_dep_graph;
 use rustc_metadata::creader::CStore;
@@ -144,10 +143,8 @@ impl<'tcx> Queries<'tcx> {
                 stable_crate_id,
             )) as _);
             let definitions = FreezeLock::new(Definitions::new(stable_crate_id));
-            let source_span = AppendOnlyIndexVec::new();
-            let _id = source_span.push(krate.spans.inner_span);
-            debug_assert_eq!(_id, CRATE_DEF_ID);
-            let untracked = Untracked { cstore, source_span, definitions };
+            let untracked =
+                Untracked { cstore, source_span: AppendOnlyIndexVec::new(), definitions };
 
             let qcx = passes::create_global_ctxt(
                 self.compiler,
@@ -172,9 +169,6 @@ impl<'tcx> Queries<'tcx> {
                 )));
                 feed.crate_for_resolver(tcx.arena.alloc(Steal::new((krate, pre_configured_attrs))));
                 feed.output_filenames(Arc::new(outputs));
-
-                let feed = tcx.feed_local_def_id(CRATE_DEF_ID);
-                feed.def_kind(DefKind::Mod);
             });
             Ok(qcx)
         })
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_middle/src/query/mod.rs b/compiler/rustc_middle/src/query/mod.rs
index 0268c530c9e..7c6e9762f2a 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_middle/src/query/mod.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_middle/src/query/mod.rs
@@ -125,12 +125,11 @@ rustc_queries! {
     }
 
     query resolutions(_: ()) -> &'tcx ty::ResolverGlobalCtxt {
-        feedable
         no_hash
         desc { "getting the resolver outputs" }
     }
 
-    query resolver_for_lowering(_: ()) -> &'tcx Steal<(ty::ResolverAstLowering, Lrc<ast::Crate>)> {
+    query resolver_for_lowering_raw(_: ()) -> (&'tcx Steal<(ty::ResolverAstLowering, Lrc<ast::Crate>)>, &'tcx ty::ResolverGlobalCtxt) {
         eval_always
         no_hash
         desc { "getting the resolver for lowering" }
@@ -2216,7 +2215,6 @@ rustc_queries! {
     /// Should not be called for the local crate before the resolver outputs are created, as it
     /// is only fed there.
     query stripped_cfg_items(cnum: CrateNum) -> &'tcx [StrippedCfgItem] {
-        feedable
         desc { "getting cfg-ed out item names" }
         separate_provide_extern
     }
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/context.rs b/compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/context.rs
index da81b9dd375..4f8e4aa90f4 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/context.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/context.rs
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ use rustc_data_structures::profiling::SelfProfilerRef;
 use rustc_data_structures::sharded::{IntoPointer, ShardedHashMap};
 use rustc_data_structures::stable_hasher::{HashStable, StableHasher};
 use rustc_data_structures::steal::Steal;
-use rustc_data_structures::sync::{self, FreezeReadGuard, Lock, WorkerLocal};
+use rustc_data_structures::sync::{self, FreezeReadGuard, Lock, Lrc, WorkerLocal};
 #[cfg(parallel_compiler)]
 use rustc_data_structures::sync::{DynSend, DynSync};
 use rustc_data_structures::unord::UnordSet;
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ use rustc_session::config::CrateType;
 use rustc_session::cstore::{CrateStoreDyn, Untracked};
 use rustc_session::lint::Lint;
 use rustc_session::{Limit, MetadataKind, Session};
-use rustc_span::def_id::{DefPathHash, StableCrateId};
+use rustc_span::def_id::{DefPathHash, StableCrateId, CRATE_DEF_ID};
 use rustc_span::symbol::{kw, sym, Ident, Symbol};
 use rustc_span::{Span, DUMMY_SP};
 use rustc_target::abi::{FieldIdx, Layout, LayoutS, TargetDataLayout, VariantIdx};
@@ -74,6 +74,7 @@ use std::cmp::Ordering;
 use std::fmt;
 use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
 use std::iter;
+use std::marker::PhantomData;
 use std::mem;
 use std::ops::{Bound, Deref};
 
@@ -498,14 +499,55 @@ pub struct TyCtxtFeed<'tcx, KEY: Copy> {
     key: KEY,
 }
 
+/// Never return a `Feed` from a query. Only queries that create a `DefId` are
+/// allowed to feed queries for that `DefId`.
+impl<KEY: Copy, CTX> !HashStable<CTX> for TyCtxtFeed<'_, KEY> {}
+
+/// The same as `TyCtxtFeed`, but does not contain a `TyCtxt`.
+/// Use this to pass around when you have a `TyCtxt` elsewhere.
+/// Just an optimization to save space and not store hundreds of
+/// `TyCtxtFeed` in the resolver.
+#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
+pub struct Feed<'tcx, KEY: Copy> {
+    _tcx: PhantomData<TyCtxt<'tcx>>,
+    // Do not allow direct access, as downstream code must not mutate this field.
+    key: KEY,
+}
+
+/// Never return a `Feed` from a query. Only queries that create a `DefId` are
+/// allowed to feed queries for that `DefId`.
+impl<KEY: Copy, CTX> !HashStable<CTX> for Feed<'_, KEY> {}
+
+impl<T: fmt::Debug + Copy> fmt::Debug for Feed<'_, T> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        self.key.fmt(f)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Some workarounds to use cases that cannot use `create_def`.
+/// Do not add new ways to create `TyCtxtFeed` without consulting
+/// with T-compiler and making an analysis about why your addition
+/// does not cause incremental compilation issues.
 impl<'tcx> TyCtxt<'tcx> {
+    /// Can only be fed before queries are run, and is thus exempt from any
+    /// incremental issues. Do not use except for the initial query feeding.
     pub fn feed_unit_query(self) -> TyCtxtFeed<'tcx, ()> {
+        self.dep_graph.assert_ignored();
         TyCtxtFeed { tcx: self, key: () }
     }
+
+    /// Can only be fed before queries are run, and is thus exempt from any
+    /// incremental issues. Do not use except for the initial query feeding.
     pub fn feed_local_crate(self) -> TyCtxtFeed<'tcx, CrateNum> {
+        self.dep_graph.assert_ignored();
         TyCtxtFeed { tcx: self, key: LOCAL_CRATE }
     }
-    pub fn feed_local_def_id(self, key: LocalDefId) -> TyCtxtFeed<'tcx, LocalDefId> {
+
+    /// Only used in the resolver to register the `CRATE_DEF_ID` `DefId` and feed
+    /// some queries for it. It will panic if used twice.
+    pub fn create_local_crate_def_id(self, span: Span) -> TyCtxtFeed<'tcx, LocalDefId> {
+        let key = self.untracked().source_span.push(span);
+        assert_eq!(key, CRATE_DEF_ID);
         TyCtxtFeed { tcx: self, key }
     }
 
@@ -523,6 +565,23 @@ impl<'tcx, KEY: Copy> TyCtxtFeed<'tcx, KEY> {
     pub fn key(&self) -> KEY {
         self.key
     }
+
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub fn downgrade(self) -> Feed<'tcx, KEY> {
+        Feed { _tcx: PhantomData, key: self.key }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'tcx, KEY: Copy> Feed<'tcx, KEY> {
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub fn key(&self) -> KEY {
+        self.key
+    }
+
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub fn upgrade(self, tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>) -> TyCtxtFeed<'tcx, KEY> {
+        TyCtxtFeed { tcx, key: self.key }
+    }
 }
 
 impl<'tcx> TyCtxtFeed<'tcx, LocalDefId> {
@@ -1067,7 +1126,7 @@ impl<'tcx> TyCtxt<'tcx> {
         // needs to be re-evaluated.
         self.dep_graph.read_index(DepNodeIndex::FOREVER_RED_NODE);
 
-        let feed = self.feed_local_def_id(def_id);
+        let feed = TyCtxtFeed { tcx: self, key: def_id };
         feed.def_kind(def_kind);
         // Unique types created for closures participate in type privacy checking.
         // They have visibilities inherited from the module they are defined in.
@@ -2304,6 +2363,10 @@ impl<'tcx> TyCtxt<'tcx> {
         self.resolutions(()).module_children.get(&def_id).map_or(&[], |v| &v[..])
     }
 
+    pub fn resolver_for_lowering(self) -> &'tcx Steal<(ty::ResolverAstLowering, Lrc<ast::Crate>)> {
+        self.resolver_for_lowering_raw(()).0
+    }
+
     /// Given an `impl_id`, return the trait it implements.
     /// Return `None` if this is an inherent impl.
     pub fn impl_trait_ref(
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/mod.rs b/compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/mod.rs
index d9f7ece83e0..4edec0e6951 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/mod.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/mod.rs
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ pub use generic_args::*;
 pub use generics::*;
 pub use intrinsic::IntrinsicDef;
 use rustc_ast as ast;
+use rustc_ast::expand::StrippedCfgItem;
 use rustc_ast::node_id::NodeMap;
 pub use rustc_ast_ir::{try_visit, Movability, Mutability};
 use rustc_attr as attr;
@@ -85,7 +86,8 @@ pub use self::consts::{
     Const, ConstData, ConstInt, ConstKind, Expr, ScalarInt, UnevaluatedConst, ValTree,
 };
 pub use self::context::{
-    tls, CtxtInterners, DeducedParamAttrs, FreeRegionInfo, GlobalCtxt, Lift, TyCtxt, TyCtxtFeed,
+    tls, CtxtInterners, DeducedParamAttrs, Feed, FreeRegionInfo, GlobalCtxt, Lift, TyCtxt,
+    TyCtxtFeed,
 };
 pub use self::instance::{Instance, InstanceDef, ShortInstance, UnusedGenericParams};
 pub use self::list::List;
@@ -189,6 +191,7 @@ pub struct ResolverGlobalCtxt {
     pub doc_link_resolutions: FxHashMap<LocalDefId, DocLinkResMap>,
     pub doc_link_traits_in_scope: FxHashMap<LocalDefId, Vec<DefId>>,
     pub all_macro_rules: FxHashMap<Symbol, Res<ast::NodeId>>,
+    pub stripped_cfg_items: Steal<Vec<StrippedCfgItem>>,
 }
 
 /// Resolutions that should only be used for lowering.
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_passes/src/debugger_visualizer.rs b/compiler/rustc_passes/src/debugger_visualizer.rs
index 4bfe6be5493..96893e58549 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_passes/src/debugger_visualizer.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_passes/src/debugger_visualizer.rs
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ impl<'ast> rustc_ast::visit::Visitor<'ast> for DebuggerVisualizerCollector<'_> {
 
 /// Traverses and collects the debugger visualizers for a specific crate.
 fn debugger_visualizers(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, _: LocalCrate) -> Vec<DebuggerVisualizerFile> {
-    let resolver_and_krate = tcx.resolver_for_lowering(()).borrow();
+    let resolver_and_krate = tcx.resolver_for_lowering().borrow();
     let krate = &*resolver_and_krate.1;
 
     let mut visitor = DebuggerVisualizerCollector { sess: tcx.sess, visualizers: Vec::new() };
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_passes/src/lang_items.rs b/compiler/rustc_passes/src/lang_items.rs
index d3e3e183845..d1368267224 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_passes/src/lang_items.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_passes/src/lang_items.rs
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ impl<'ast, 'tcx> LanguageItemCollector<'ast, 'tcx> {
 
 /// Traverses and collects all the lang items in all crates.
 fn get_lang_items(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, (): ()) -> LanguageItems {
-    let resolver = tcx.resolver_for_lowering(()).borrow();
+    let resolver = tcx.resolver_for_lowering().borrow();
     let (resolver, krate) = &*resolver;
 
     // Initialize the collector.
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_resolve/src/build_reduced_graph.rs b/compiler/rustc_resolve/src/build_reduced_graph.rs
index 1c4aeefcbcf..dd18ab7d9d2 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_resolve/src/build_reduced_graph.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_resolve/src/build_reduced_graph.rs
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ use rustc_hir::def::{self, *};
 use rustc_hir::def_id::{DefId, LocalDefId, CRATE_DEF_ID};
 use rustc_metadata::creader::LoadedMacro;
 use rustc_middle::metadata::ModChild;
+use rustc_middle::ty::Feed;
 use rustc_middle::{bug, ty};
 use rustc_span::hygiene::{ExpnId, LocalExpnId, MacroKind};
 use rustc_span::symbol::{kw, sym, Ident, Symbol};
@@ -407,7 +408,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'tcx> BuildReducedGraphVisitor<'a, 'b, 'tcx> {
         // Top level use tree reuses the item's id and list stems reuse their parent
         // use tree's ids, so in both cases their visibilities are already filled.
         if nested && !list_stem {
-            self.r.feed_visibility(self.r.local_def_id(id), vis);
+            self.r.feed_visibility(self.r.feed(id), vis);
         }
 
         let mut prefix_iter = parent_prefix
@@ -632,7 +633,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'tcx> BuildReducedGraphVisitor<'a, 'b, 'tcx> {
         &mut self,
         fields: &[ast::FieldDef],
         ident: Ident,
-        def_id: LocalDefId,
+        feed: Feed<'tcx, LocalDefId>,
         adt_res: Res,
         adt_vis: ty::Visibility,
         adt_span: Span,
@@ -643,7 +644,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'tcx> BuildReducedGraphVisitor<'a, 'b, 'tcx> {
 
         // Define a name in the type namespace if it is not anonymous.
         self.r.define(parent, ident, TypeNS, (adt_res, adt_vis, adt_span, expansion));
-        self.r.feed_visibility(def_id, adt_vis);
+        self.r.feed_visibility(feed, adt_vis);
+        let def_id = feed.key();
 
         // Record field names for error reporting.
         self.insert_field_def_ids(def_id, fields);
@@ -653,14 +655,15 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'tcx> BuildReducedGraphVisitor<'a, 'b, 'tcx> {
             match &field.ty.kind {
                 ast::TyKind::AnonStruct(id, nested_fields)
                 | ast::TyKind::AnonUnion(id, nested_fields) => {
-                    let local_def_id = self.r.local_def_id(*id);
+                    let feed = self.r.feed(*id);
+                    let local_def_id = feed.key();
                     let def_id = local_def_id.to_def_id();
                     let def_kind = self.r.tcx.def_kind(local_def_id);
                     let res = Res::Def(def_kind, def_id);
                     self.build_reduced_graph_for_struct_variant(
                         &nested_fields,
                         Ident::empty(),
-                        local_def_id,
+                        feed,
                         res,
                         // Anonymous adts inherit visibility from their parent adts.
                         adt_vis,
@@ -680,12 +683,13 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'tcx> BuildReducedGraphVisitor<'a, 'b, 'tcx> {
         let ident = item.ident;
         let sp = item.span;
         let vis = self.resolve_visibility(&item.vis);
-        let local_def_id = self.r.local_def_id(item.id);
+        let feed = self.r.feed(item.id);
+        let local_def_id = feed.key();
         let def_id = local_def_id.to_def_id();
         let def_kind = self.r.tcx.def_kind(def_id);
         let res = Res::Def(def_kind, def_id);
 
-        self.r.feed_visibility(local_def_id, vis);
+        self.r.feed_visibility(feed, vis);
 
         match item.kind {
             ItemKind::Use(ref use_tree) => {
@@ -762,7 +766,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'tcx> BuildReducedGraphVisitor<'a, 'b, 'tcx> {
                 self.build_reduced_graph_for_struct_variant(
                     vdata.fields(),
                     ident,
-                    local_def_id,
+                    feed,
                     res,
                     vis,
                     sp,
@@ -795,10 +799,11 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'tcx> BuildReducedGraphVisitor<'a, 'b, 'tcx> {
                         }
                         ret_fields.push(field_vis.to_def_id());
                     }
-                    let ctor_def_id = self.r.local_def_id(ctor_node_id);
+                    let feed = self.r.feed(ctor_node_id);
+                    let ctor_def_id = feed.key();
                     let ctor_res = self.res(ctor_def_id);
                     self.r.define(parent, ident, ValueNS, (ctor_res, ctor_vis, sp, expansion));
-                    self.r.feed_visibility(ctor_def_id, ctor_vis);
+                    self.r.feed_visibility(feed, ctor_vis);
                     // We need the field visibility spans also for the constructor for E0603.
                     self.insert_field_visibilities_local(ctor_def_id.to_def_id(), vdata.fields());
 
@@ -812,7 +817,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'tcx> BuildReducedGraphVisitor<'a, 'b, 'tcx> {
                 self.build_reduced_graph_for_struct_variant(
                     vdata.fields(),
                     ident,
-                    local_def_id,
+                    feed,
                     res,
                     vis,
                     sp,
@@ -919,7 +924,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'tcx> BuildReducedGraphVisitor<'a, 'b, 'tcx> {
 
     /// Constructs the reduced graph for one foreign item.
     fn build_reduced_graph_for_foreign_item(&mut self, item: &ForeignItem) {
-        let local_def_id = self.r.local_def_id(item.id);
+        let feed = self.r.feed(item.id);
+        let local_def_id = feed.key();
         let def_id = local_def_id.to_def_id();
         let ns = match item.kind {
             ForeignItemKind::Fn(..) => ValueNS,
@@ -931,7 +937,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'tcx> BuildReducedGraphVisitor<'a, 'b, 'tcx> {
         let expansion = self.parent_scope.expansion;
         let vis = self.resolve_visibility(&item.vis);
         self.r.define(parent, item.ident, ns, (self.res(def_id), vis, item.span, expansion));
-        self.r.feed_visibility(local_def_id, vis);
+        self.r.feed_visibility(feed, vis);
     }
 
     fn build_reduced_graph_for_block(&mut self, block: &Block) {
@@ -1218,7 +1224,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'tcx> BuildReducedGraphVisitor<'a, 'b, 'tcx> {
     fn define_macro(&mut self, item: &ast::Item) -> MacroRulesScopeRef<'a> {
         let parent_scope = self.parent_scope;
         let expansion = parent_scope.expansion;
-        let def_id = self.r.local_def_id(item.id);
+        let feed = self.r.feed(item.id);
+        let def_id = feed.key();
         let (res, ident, span, macro_rules) = match &item.kind {
             ItemKind::MacroDef(def) => (self.res(def_id), item.ident, item.span, def.macro_rules),
             ItemKind::Fn(..) => match self.proc_macro_stub(item) {
@@ -1269,7 +1276,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'tcx> BuildReducedGraphVisitor<'a, 'b, 'tcx> {
                 self.r.check_reserved_macro_name(ident, res);
                 self.insert_unused_macro(ident, def_id, item.id);
             }
-            self.r.feed_visibility(def_id, vis);
+            self.r.feed_visibility(feed, vis);
             let scope = self.r.arenas.alloc_macro_rules_scope(MacroRulesScope::Binding(
                 self.r.arenas.alloc_macro_rules_binding(MacroRulesBinding {
                     parent_macro_rules_scope: parent_scope.macro_rules,
@@ -1293,7 +1300,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'tcx> BuildReducedGraphVisitor<'a, 'b, 'tcx> {
                 self.insert_unused_macro(ident, def_id, item.id);
             }
             self.r.define(module, ident, MacroNS, (res, vis, span, expansion));
-            self.r.feed_visibility(def_id, vis);
+            self.r.feed_visibility(feed, vis);
             self.parent_scope.macro_rules
         }
     }
@@ -1385,7 +1392,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'tcx> Visitor<'b> for BuildReducedGraphVisitor<'a, 'b, 'tcx> {
         }
 
         let vis = self.resolve_visibility(&item.vis);
-        let local_def_id = self.r.local_def_id(item.id);
+        let feed = self.r.feed(item.id);
+        let local_def_id = feed.key();
         let def_id = local_def_id.to_def_id();
 
         if !(ctxt == AssocCtxt::Impl
@@ -1395,7 +1403,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'tcx> Visitor<'b> for BuildReducedGraphVisitor<'a, 'b, 'tcx> {
             // Trait impl item visibility is inherited from its trait when not specified
             // explicitly. In that case we cannot determine it here in early resolve,
             // so we leave a hole in the visibility table to be filled later.
-            self.r.feed_visibility(local_def_id, vis);
+            self.r.feed_visibility(feed, vis);
         }
 
         if ctxt == AssocCtxt::Trait {
@@ -1469,7 +1477,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'tcx> Visitor<'b> for BuildReducedGraphVisitor<'a, 'b, 'tcx> {
             self.visit_invoc(sf.id);
         } else {
             let vis = self.resolve_visibility(&sf.vis);
-            self.r.feed_visibility(self.r.local_def_id(sf.id), vis);
+            self.r.feed_visibility(self.r.feed(sf.id), vis);
             visit::walk_field_def(self, sf);
         }
     }
@@ -1487,10 +1495,11 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'tcx> Visitor<'b> for BuildReducedGraphVisitor<'a, 'b, 'tcx> {
         let ident = variant.ident;
 
         // Define a name in the type namespace.
-        let def_id = self.r.local_def_id(variant.id);
+        let feed = self.r.feed(variant.id);
+        let def_id = feed.key();
         let vis = self.resolve_visibility(&variant.vis);
         self.r.define(parent, ident, TypeNS, (self.res(def_id), vis, variant.span, expn_id));
-        self.r.feed_visibility(def_id, vis);
+        self.r.feed_visibility(feed, vis);
 
         // If the variant is marked as non_exhaustive then lower the visibility to within the crate.
         let ctor_vis =
@@ -1502,10 +1511,11 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'tcx> Visitor<'b> for BuildReducedGraphVisitor<'a, 'b, 'tcx> {
 
         // Define a constructor name in the value namespace.
         if let Some(ctor_node_id) = variant.data.ctor_node_id() {
-            let ctor_def_id = self.r.local_def_id(ctor_node_id);
+            let feed = self.r.feed(ctor_node_id);
+            let ctor_def_id = feed.key();
             let ctor_res = self.res(ctor_def_id);
             self.r.define(parent, ident, ValueNS, (ctor_res, ctor_vis, variant.span, expn_id));
-            self.r.feed_visibility(ctor_def_id, ctor_vis);
+            self.r.feed_visibility(feed, ctor_vis);
         }
 
         // Record field names for error reporting.
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_resolve/src/def_collector.rs b/compiler/rustc_resolve/src/def_collector.rs
index 12bf462a6fd..bb3b902c0de 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_resolve/src/def_collector.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_resolve/src/def_collector.rs
@@ -38,14 +38,16 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'tcx> DefCollector<'a, 'b, 'tcx> {
             "create_def(node_id={:?}, def_kind={:?}, parent_def={:?})",
             node_id, def_kind, parent_def
         );
-        self.resolver.create_def(
-            parent_def,
-            node_id,
-            name,
-            def_kind,
-            self.expansion.to_expn_id(),
-            span.with_parent(None),
-        )
+        self.resolver
+            .create_def(
+                parent_def,
+                node_id,
+                name,
+                def_kind,
+                self.expansion.to_expn_id(),
+                span.with_parent(None),
+            )
+            .def_id()
     }
 
     fn with_parent<F: FnOnce(&mut Self)>(&mut self, parent_def: LocalDefId, f: F) {
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_resolve/src/late.rs b/compiler/rustc_resolve/src/late.rs
index 18abc5d22b7..455afb8de8e 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_resolve/src/late.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_resolve/src/late.rs
@@ -3121,7 +3121,7 @@ impl<'a: 'ast, 'b, 'ast, 'tcx> LateResolutionVisitor<'a, 'b, 'ast, 'tcx> {
                 );
                 rustc_middle::ty::Visibility::Public
             };
-            this.r.feed_visibility(this.r.local_def_id(id), vis);
+            this.r.feed_visibility(this.r.feed(id), vis);
         };
 
         let Some(binding) = binding else {
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_resolve/src/lib.rs b/compiler/rustc_resolve/src/lib.rs
index 5de147c2b24..ccb67ea78cf 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_resolve/src/lib.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_resolve/src/lib.rs
@@ -52,8 +52,8 @@ use rustc_middle::metadata::ModChild;
 use rustc_middle::middle::privacy::EffectiveVisibilities;
 use rustc_middle::query::Providers;
 use rustc_middle::span_bug;
-use rustc_middle::ty::{self, MainDefinition, RegisteredTools, TyCtxt};
-use rustc_middle::ty::{ResolverGlobalCtxt, ResolverOutputs};
+use rustc_middle::ty::{self, MainDefinition, RegisteredTools, TyCtxt, TyCtxtFeed};
+use rustc_middle::ty::{Feed, ResolverGlobalCtxt, ResolverOutputs};
 use rustc_query_system::ich::StableHashingContext;
 use rustc_session::lint::builtin::PRIVATE_MACRO_USE;
 use rustc_session::lint::LintBuffer;
@@ -1117,7 +1117,7 @@ pub struct Resolver<'a, 'tcx> {
 
     next_node_id: NodeId,
 
-    node_id_to_def_id: NodeMap<LocalDefId>,
+    node_id_to_def_id: NodeMap<Feed<'tcx, LocalDefId>>,
     def_id_to_node_id: IndexVec<LocalDefId, ast::NodeId>,
 
     /// Indices of unnamed struct or variant fields with unresolved attributes.
@@ -1233,11 +1233,19 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> AsMut<Resolver<'a, 'tcx>> for Resolver<'a, 'tcx> {
 
 impl<'tcx> Resolver<'_, 'tcx> {
     fn opt_local_def_id(&self, node: NodeId) -> Option<LocalDefId> {
-        self.node_id_to_def_id.get(&node).copied()
+        self.opt_feed(node).map(|f| f.key())
     }
 
     fn local_def_id(&self, node: NodeId) -> LocalDefId {
-        self.opt_local_def_id(node).unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("no entry for node id: `{node:?}`"))
+        self.feed(node).key()
+    }
+
+    fn opt_feed(&self, node: NodeId) -> Option<Feed<'tcx, LocalDefId>> {
+        self.node_id_to_def_id.get(&node).copied()
+    }
+
+    fn feed(&self, node: NodeId) -> Feed<'tcx, LocalDefId> {
+        self.opt_feed(node).unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("no entry for node id: `{node:?}`"))
     }
 
     fn local_def_kind(&self, node: NodeId) -> DefKind {
@@ -1253,18 +1261,19 @@ impl<'tcx> Resolver<'_, 'tcx> {
         def_kind: DefKind,
         expn_id: ExpnId,
         span: Span,
-    ) -> LocalDefId {
+    ) -> TyCtxtFeed<'tcx, LocalDefId> {
         let data = def_kind.def_path_data(name);
         assert!(
             !self.node_id_to_def_id.contains_key(&node_id),
             "adding a def'n for node-id {:?} and data {:?} but a previous def'n exists: {:?}",
             node_id,
             data,
-            self.tcx.definitions_untracked().def_key(self.node_id_to_def_id[&node_id]),
+            self.tcx.definitions_untracked().def_key(self.node_id_to_def_id[&node_id].key()),
         );
 
         // FIXME: remove `def_span` body, pass in the right spans here and call `tcx.at().create_def()`
-        let def_id = self.tcx.create_def(parent, name, def_kind).def_id();
+        let feed = self.tcx.create_def(parent, name, def_kind);
+        let def_id = feed.def_id();
 
         // Create the definition.
         if expn_id != ExpnId::root() {
@@ -1281,11 +1290,11 @@ impl<'tcx> Resolver<'_, 'tcx> {
         // we don't need a mapping from `NodeId` to `LocalDefId`.
         if node_id != ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID {
             debug!("create_def: def_id_to_node_id[{:?}] <-> {:?}", def_id, node_id);
-            self.node_id_to_def_id.insert(node_id, def_id);
+            self.node_id_to_def_id.insert(node_id, feed.downgrade());
         }
         assert_eq!(self.def_id_to_node_id.push(node_id), def_id);
 
-        def_id
+        feed
     }
 
     fn item_generics_num_lifetimes(&self, def_id: DefId) -> usize {
@@ -1333,7 +1342,11 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> Resolver<'a, 'tcx> {
         let mut def_id_to_node_id = IndexVec::default();
         assert_eq!(def_id_to_node_id.push(CRATE_NODE_ID), CRATE_DEF_ID);
         let mut node_id_to_def_id = NodeMap::default();
-        node_id_to_def_id.insert(CRATE_NODE_ID, CRATE_DEF_ID);
+        let crate_feed = tcx.create_local_crate_def_id(crate_span);
+
+        crate_feed.def_kind(DefKind::Mod);
+        let crate_feed = crate_feed.downgrade();
+        node_id_to_def_id.insert(CRATE_NODE_ID, crate_feed);
 
         let mut invocation_parents = FxHashMap::default();
         invocation_parents.insert(LocalExpnId::ROOT, (CRATE_DEF_ID, ImplTraitContext::Existential));
@@ -1484,7 +1497,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> Resolver<'a, 'tcx> {
 
         let root_parent_scope = ParentScope::module(graph_root, &resolver);
         resolver.invocation_parent_scopes.insert(LocalExpnId::ROOT, root_parent_scope);
-        resolver.feed_visibility(CRATE_DEF_ID, ty::Visibility::Public);
+        resolver.feed_visibility(crate_feed, ty::Visibility::Public);
 
         resolver
     }
@@ -1532,9 +1545,10 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> Resolver<'a, 'tcx> {
         Default::default()
     }
 
-    fn feed_visibility(&mut self, def_id: LocalDefId, vis: ty::Visibility) {
-        self.tcx.feed_local_def_id(def_id).visibility(vis.to_def_id());
-        self.visibilities_for_hashing.push((def_id, vis));
+    fn feed_visibility(&mut self, feed: Feed<'tcx, LocalDefId>, vis: ty::Visibility) {
+        let feed = feed.upgrade(self.tcx);
+        feed.visibility(vis.to_def_id());
+        self.visibilities_for_hashing.push((feed.def_id(), vis));
     }
 
     pub fn into_outputs(self) -> ResolverOutputs {
@@ -1547,12 +1561,16 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> Resolver<'a, 'tcx> {
         let confused_type_with_std_module = self.confused_type_with_std_module;
         let effective_visibilities = self.effective_visibilities;
 
-        self.tcx.feed_local_crate().stripped_cfg_items(self.tcx.arena.alloc_from_iter(
-            self.stripped_cfg_items.into_iter().filter_map(|item| {
-                let parent_module = self.node_id_to_def_id.get(&item.parent_module)?.to_def_id();
-                Some(StrippedCfgItem { parent_module, name: item.name, cfg: item.cfg })
-            }),
-        ));
+        let stripped_cfg_items = Steal::new(
+            self.stripped_cfg_items
+                .into_iter()
+                .filter_map(|item| {
+                    let parent_module =
+                        self.node_id_to_def_id.get(&item.parent_module)?.key().to_def_id();
+                    Some(StrippedCfgItem { parent_module, name: item.name, cfg: item.cfg })
+                })
+                .collect(),
+        );
 
         let global_ctxt = ResolverGlobalCtxt {
             expn_that_defined,
@@ -1569,6 +1587,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> Resolver<'a, 'tcx> {
             doc_link_resolutions: self.doc_link_resolutions,
             doc_link_traits_in_scope: self.doc_link_traits_in_scope,
             all_macro_rules: self.all_macro_rules,
+            stripped_cfg_items,
         };
         let ast_lowering = ty::ResolverAstLowering {
             legacy_const_generic_args: self.legacy_const_generic_args,
@@ -1578,7 +1597,11 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> Resolver<'a, 'tcx> {
             lifetimes_res_map: self.lifetimes_res_map,
             extra_lifetime_params_map: self.extra_lifetime_params_map,
             next_node_id: self.next_node_id,
-            node_id_to_def_id: self.node_id_to_def_id,
+            node_id_to_def_id: self
+                .node_id_to_def_id
+                .into_items()
+                .map(|(k, f)| (k, f.key()))
+                .collect(),
             def_id_to_node_id: self.def_id_to_node_id,
             trait_map: self.trait_map,
             lifetime_elision_allowed: self.lifetime_elision_allowed,
diff --git a/tests/ui/panics/default-backtrace-ice.stderr b/tests/ui/panics/default-backtrace-ice.stderr
index 9d27cb22ae9..82b61e43f44 100644
--- a/tests/ui/panics/default-backtrace-ice.stderr
+++ b/tests/ui/panics/default-backtrace-ice.stderr
@@ -21,5 +21,5 @@ error: the compiler unexpectedly panicked. this is a bug.
 
 
 query stack during panic:
-#0 [resolver_for_lowering] getting the resolver for lowering
+#0 [resolver_for_lowering_raw] getting the resolver for lowering
 end of query stack