Rollup merge of #136320 - RalfJung:exit, r=the8472

exit: document interaction with C

Cc https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/126600

library/std/src/env.rs

@@ -333,7 +333,7 @@ impl Error for VarError {
 ///
 /// Discussion of this unsafety on Unix may be found in:
 ///
-///  - [Austin Group Bugzilla](https://austingroupbugs.net/view.php?id=188)
+///  - [Austin Group Bugzilla (for POSIX)](https://austingroupbugs.net/view.php?id=188)
 ///  - [GNU C library Bugzilla](https://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=15607#c2)
 ///
 /// To pass an environment variable to a child process, you can instead use [`Command::env`].

library/std/src/process.rs

@@ -2018,9 +2018,9 @@ impl ExitCode {
     ///
     /// Note that this has the same caveats as [`process::exit()`][exit], namely that this function
     /// terminates the process immediately, so no destructors on the current stack or any other
-    /// thread's stack will be run. If a clean shutdown is needed, it is recommended to simply
+    /// thread's stack will be run. Also see those docs for some important notes on interop with C
-    /// return this ExitCode from the `main` function, as demonstrated in the [type
+    /// code. If a clean shutdown is needed, it is recommended to simply return this ExitCode from
-    /// documentation](#examples).
+    /// the `main` function, as demonstrated in the [type documentation](#examples).
     ///
     /// # Differences from `process::exit()`
     ///
@@ -2326,6 +2326,33 @@ impl Child {
 ///
 /// process::exit(0x0100);
 /// ```
+///
+/// ### Safe interop with C code
+///
+/// On Unix, this function is currently implemented using the `exit` C function [`exit`][C-exit]. As
+/// of C23, the C standard does not permit multiple threads to call `exit` concurrently. Rust
+/// mitigates this with a lock, but if C code calls `exit`, that can still cause undefined behavior.
+/// Note that returning from `main` is equivalent to calling `exit`.
+///
+/// Therefore, it is undefined behavior to have two concurrent threads perform the following
+/// without synchronization:
+/// - One thread calls Rust's `exit` function or returns from Rust's `main` function
+/// - Another thread calls the C function `exit` or `quick_exit`, or returns from C's `main` function
+///
+/// Note that if a binary contains multiple copies of the Rust runtime (e.g., when combining
+/// multiple `cdylib` or `staticlib`), they each have their own separate lock, so from the
+/// perspective of code running in one of the Rust runtimes, the "outside" Rust code is basically C
+/// code, and concurrent `exit` again causes undefined behavior.
+///
+/// Individual C implementations might provide more guarantees than the standard and permit concurrent
+/// calls to `exit`; consult the documentation of your C implementation for details.
+///
+/// For some of the on-going discussion to make `exit` thread-safe in C, see:
+/// - [Rust issue #126600](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/126600)
+/// - [Austin Group Bugzilla (for POSIX)](https://austingroupbugs.net/view.php?id=1845)
+/// - [GNU C library Bugzilla](https://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=31997)
+///
+/// [C-exit]: https://en.cppreference.com/w/c/program/exit
 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
 #[cfg_attr(not(test), rustc_diagnostic_item = "process_exit")]
 pub fn exit(code: i32) -> ! {