rust/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/coherence.rs

//! See Rustc Dev Guide chapters on [trait-resolution] and [trait-specialization] for more info on
//! how this works.
//!
//! [trait-resolution]: https://rustc-dev-guide.rust-lang.org/traits/resolution.html
//! [trait-specialization]: https://rustc-dev-guide.rust-lang.org/traits/specialization.html

use crate::infer::outlives::env::OutlivesEnvironment;
use crate::infer::InferOk;
use crate::traits::outlives_bounds::InferCtxtExt as _;
use crate::traits::select::{IntercrateAmbiguityCause, TreatInductiveCycleAs};
use crate::traits::util::impl_subject_and_oblig;
use crate::traits::SkipLeakCheck;
use crate::traits::{
    self, Obligation, ObligationCause, ObligationCtxt, PredicateObligation, PredicateObligations,
    SelectionContext,
};
use rustc_data_structures::fx::FxIndexSet;
use rustc_errors::Diagnostic;
use rustc_hir::def_id::{DefId, CRATE_DEF_ID, LOCAL_CRATE};
use rustc_infer::infer::{DefineOpaqueTypes, InferCtxt, TyCtxtInferExt};
use rustc_infer::traits::util;
use rustc_middle::traits::specialization_graph::OverlapMode;
use rustc_middle::traits::DefiningAnchor;
use rustc_middle::ty::fast_reject::{DeepRejectCtxt, TreatParams};
use rustc_middle::ty::visit::{TypeVisitable, TypeVisitableExt};
use rustc_middle::ty::{self, Ty, TyCtxt, TypeVisitor};
use rustc_session::lint::builtin::COINDUCTIVE_OVERLAP_IN_COHERENCE;
use rustc_span::symbol::sym;
use rustc_span::DUMMY_SP;
use std::fmt::Debug;
use std::iter;
use std::ops::ControlFlow;

use super::query::evaluate_obligation::InferCtxtExt;
use super::NormalizeExt;

/// Whether we do the orphan check relative to this crate or
/// to some remote crate.
#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
enum InCrate {
    Local,
    Remote,
}

#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
pub enum Conflict {
    Upstream,
    Downstream,
}

pub struct OverlapResult<'tcx> {
    pub impl_header: ty::ImplHeader<'tcx>,
    pub intercrate_ambiguity_causes: FxIndexSet<IntercrateAmbiguityCause>,

    /// `true` if the overlap might've been permitted before the shift
    /// to universes.
    pub involves_placeholder: bool,
}

pub fn add_placeholder_note(err: &mut Diagnostic) {
    err.note(
        "this behavior recently changed as a result of a bug fix; \
         see rust-lang/rust#56105 for details",
    );
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
enum TrackAmbiguityCauses {
    Yes,
    No,
}

impl TrackAmbiguityCauses {
    fn is_yes(self) -> bool {
        match self {
            TrackAmbiguityCauses::Yes => true,
            TrackAmbiguityCauses::No => false,
        }
    }
}

/// If there are types that satisfy both impls, returns `Some`
/// with a suitably-freshened `ImplHeader` with those types
/// substituted. Otherwise, returns `None`.
#[instrument(skip(tcx, skip_leak_check), level = "debug")]
pub fn overlapping_impls(
    tcx: TyCtxt<'_>,
    impl1_def_id: DefId,
    impl2_def_id: DefId,
    skip_leak_check: SkipLeakCheck,
    overlap_mode: OverlapMode,
) -> Option<OverlapResult<'_>> {
    // Before doing expensive operations like entering an inference context, do
    // a quick check via fast_reject to tell if the impl headers could possibly
    // unify.
    let drcx = DeepRejectCtxt { treat_obligation_params: TreatParams::AsCandidateKey };
    let impl1_ref = tcx.impl_trait_ref(impl1_def_id);
    let impl2_ref = tcx.impl_trait_ref(impl2_def_id);
    let may_overlap = match (impl1_ref, impl2_ref) {
        (Some(a), Some(b)) => drcx.args_refs_may_unify(a.skip_binder().args, b.skip_binder().args),
        (None, None) => {
            let self_ty1 = tcx.type_of(impl1_def_id).skip_binder();
            let self_ty2 = tcx.type_of(impl2_def_id).skip_binder();
            drcx.types_may_unify(self_ty1, self_ty2)
        }
        _ => bug!("unexpected impls: {impl1_def_id:?} {impl2_def_id:?}"),
    };

    if !may_overlap {
        // Some types involved are definitely different, so the impls couldn't possibly overlap.
        debug!("overlapping_impls: fast_reject early-exit");
        return None;
    }

    let _overlap_with_bad_diagnostics = overlap(
        tcx,
        TrackAmbiguityCauses::No,
        skip_leak_check,
        impl1_def_id,
        impl2_def_id,
        overlap_mode,
    )?;

    // In the case where we detect an error, run the check again, but
    // this time tracking intercrate ambiguity causes for better
    // diagnostics. (These take time and can lead to false errors.)
    let overlap = overlap(
        tcx,
        TrackAmbiguityCauses::Yes,
        skip_leak_check,
        impl1_def_id,
        impl2_def_id,
        overlap_mode,
    )
    .unwrap();
    Some(overlap)
}

fn with_fresh_ty_vars<'cx, 'tcx>(
    selcx: &mut SelectionContext<'cx, 'tcx>,
    param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
    impl_def_id: DefId,
) -> ty::ImplHeader<'tcx> {
    let tcx = selcx.tcx();
    let impl_args = selcx.infcx.fresh_args_for_item(DUMMY_SP, impl_def_id);

    let header = ty::ImplHeader {
        impl_def_id,
        self_ty: tcx.type_of(impl_def_id).instantiate(tcx, impl_args),
        trait_ref: tcx.impl_trait_ref(impl_def_id).map(|i| i.instantiate(tcx, impl_args)),
        predicates: tcx
            .predicates_of(impl_def_id)
            .instantiate(tcx, impl_args)
            .iter()
            .map(|(c, s)| (c.as_predicate(), s))
            .collect(),
    };

    let InferOk { value: mut header, obligations } = selcx
        .infcx
        .at(&ObligationCause::dummy_with_span(tcx.def_span(impl_def_id)), param_env)
        .normalize(header);

    header.predicates.extend(obligations.into_iter().map(|o| (o.predicate, o.cause.span)));
    header
}

/// Can both impl `a` and impl `b` be satisfied by a common type (including
/// where-clauses)? If so, returns an `ImplHeader` that unifies the two impls.
#[instrument(level = "debug", skip(tcx))]
fn overlap<'tcx>(
    tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
    track_ambiguity_causes: TrackAmbiguityCauses,
    skip_leak_check: SkipLeakCheck,
    impl1_def_id: DefId,
    impl2_def_id: DefId,
    overlap_mode: OverlapMode,
) -> Option<OverlapResult<'tcx>> {
    if overlap_mode.use_negative_impl() {
        if impl_intersection_has_negative_obligation(tcx, impl1_def_id, impl2_def_id)
            || impl_intersection_has_negative_obligation(tcx, impl2_def_id, impl1_def_id)
        {
            return None;
        }
    }

    let infcx = tcx
        .infer_ctxt()
        .with_opaque_type_inference(DefiningAnchor::Bubble)
        .skip_leak_check(skip_leak_check.is_yes())
        .intercrate(true)
        .with_next_trait_solver(tcx.next_trait_solver_in_coherence())
        .build();
    let selcx = &mut SelectionContext::new(&infcx);
    if track_ambiguity_causes.is_yes() {
        selcx.enable_tracking_intercrate_ambiguity_causes();
    }

    // For the purposes of this check, we don't bring any placeholder
    // types into scope; instead, we replace the generic types with
    // fresh type variables, and hence we do our evaluations in an
    // empty environment.
    let param_env = ty::ParamEnv::empty();

    let impl1_header = with_fresh_ty_vars(selcx, param_env, impl1_def_id);
    let impl2_header = with_fresh_ty_vars(selcx, param_env, impl2_def_id);

    // Equate the headers to find their intersection (the general type, with infer vars,
    // that may apply both impls).
    let equate_obligations = equate_impl_headers(selcx.infcx, &impl1_header, &impl2_header)?;
    debug!("overlap: unification check succeeded");

    if overlap_mode.use_implicit_negative() {
        for mode in [TreatInductiveCycleAs::Ambig, TreatInductiveCycleAs::Recur] {
            if let Some(failing_obligation) = selcx.with_treat_inductive_cycle_as(mode, |selcx| {
                impl_intersection_has_impossible_obligation(
                    selcx,
                    param_env,
                    &impl1_header,
                    &impl2_header,
                    &equate_obligations,
                )
            }) {
                if matches!(mode, TreatInductiveCycleAs::Recur) {
                    let first_local_impl = impl1_header
                        .impl_def_id
                        .as_local()
                        .or(impl2_header.impl_def_id.as_local())
                        .expect("expected one of the impls to be local");
                    infcx.tcx.struct_span_lint_hir(
                        COINDUCTIVE_OVERLAP_IN_COHERENCE,
                        infcx.tcx.local_def_id_to_hir_id(first_local_impl),
                        infcx.tcx.def_span(first_local_impl),
                        "impls that are not considered to overlap may be considered to \
                overlap in the future",
                        |lint| {
                            lint.span_label(
                                infcx.tcx.def_span(impl1_header.impl_def_id),
                                "the first impl is here",
                            )
                            .span_label(
                                infcx.tcx.def_span(impl2_header.impl_def_id),
                                "the second impl is here",
                            );
                            if !failing_obligation.cause.span.is_dummy() {
                                lint.span_label(
                                    failing_obligation.cause.span,
                                    "this where-clause causes a cycle, but it may be treated \
                            as possibly holding in the future, causing the impls to overlap",
                                );
                            }
                            lint
                        },
                    );
                }

                return None;
            }
        }
    }

    // We toggle the `leak_check` by using `skip_leak_check` when constructing the
    // inference context, so this may be a noop.
    if infcx.leak_check(ty::UniverseIndex::ROOT, None).is_err() {
        debug!("overlap: leak check failed");
        return None;
    }

    let intercrate_ambiguity_causes = selcx.take_intercrate_ambiguity_causes();
    debug!("overlap: intercrate_ambiguity_causes={:#?}", intercrate_ambiguity_causes);
    let involves_placeholder = infcx
        .inner
        .borrow_mut()
        .unwrap_region_constraints()
        .data()
        .constraints
        .iter()
        .any(|c| c.0.involves_placeholders());

    let impl_header = selcx.infcx.resolve_vars_if_possible(impl1_header);
    Some(OverlapResult { impl_header, intercrate_ambiguity_causes, involves_placeholder })
}

#[instrument(level = "debug", skip(infcx), ret)]
fn equate_impl_headers<'tcx>(
    infcx: &InferCtxt<'tcx>,
    impl1: &ty::ImplHeader<'tcx>,
    impl2: &ty::ImplHeader<'tcx>,
) -> Option<PredicateObligations<'tcx>> {
    let result = match (impl1.trait_ref, impl2.trait_ref) {
        (Some(impl1_ref), Some(impl2_ref)) => infcx
            .at(&ObligationCause::dummy(), ty::ParamEnv::empty())
            .eq(DefineOpaqueTypes::Yes, impl1_ref, impl2_ref),
        (None, None) => infcx.at(&ObligationCause::dummy(), ty::ParamEnv::empty()).eq(
            DefineOpaqueTypes::Yes,
            impl1.self_ty,
            impl2.self_ty,
        ),
        _ => bug!("mk_eq_impl_headers given mismatched impl kinds"),
    };

    result.map(|infer_ok| infer_ok.obligations).ok()
}

/// Check if both impls can be satisfied by a common type by considering whether
/// any of either impl's obligations is not known to hold.
///
/// For example, given these two impls:
///     `impl From<MyLocalType> for Box<dyn Error>` (in my crate)
///     `impl<E> From<E> for Box<dyn Error> where E: Error` (in libstd)
///
/// After replacing both impl headers with inference vars (which happens before
/// this function is called), we get:
///     `Box<dyn Error>: From<MyLocalType>`
///     `Box<dyn Error>: From<?E>`
///
/// This gives us `?E = MyLocalType`. We then certainly know that `MyLocalType: Error`
/// never holds in intercrate mode since a local impl does not exist, and a
/// downstream impl cannot be added -- therefore can consider the intersection
/// of the two impls above to be empty.
///
/// Importantly, this works even if there isn't a `impl !Error for MyLocalType`.
fn impl_intersection_has_impossible_obligation<'cx, 'tcx>(
    selcx: &mut SelectionContext<'cx, 'tcx>,
    param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
    impl1_header: &ty::ImplHeader<'tcx>,
    impl2_header: &ty::ImplHeader<'tcx>,
    obligations: &PredicateObligations<'tcx>,
) -> Option<PredicateObligation<'tcx>> {
    let infcx = selcx.infcx;

    [&impl1_header.predicates, &impl2_header.predicates]
        .into_iter()
        .flatten()
        .map(|&(predicate, span)| {
            Obligation::new(infcx.tcx, ObligationCause::dummy_with_span(span), param_env, predicate)
        })
        .chain(obligations.into_iter().cloned())
        .find(|obligation: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>| {
            if infcx.next_trait_solver() {
                infcx.evaluate_obligation(obligation).map_or(false, |result| !result.may_apply())
            } else {
                // We use `evaluate_root_obligation` to correctly track intercrate
                // ambiguity clauses. We cannot use this in the new solver.
                selcx.evaluate_root_obligation(obligation).map_or(
                    false, // Overflow has occurred, and treat the obligation as possibly holding.
                    |result| !result.may_apply(),
                )
            }
        })
}

/// Check if both impls can be satisfied by a common type by considering whether
/// any of first impl's obligations is known not to hold *via a negative predicate*.
///
/// For example, given these two impls:
///     `struct MyCustomBox<T: ?Sized>(Box<T>);`
///     `impl From<&str> for MyCustomBox<dyn Error>` (in my crate)
///     `impl<E> From<E> for MyCustomBox<dyn Error> where E: Error` (in my crate)
///
/// After replacing the second impl's header with inference vars, we get:
///     `MyCustomBox<dyn Error>: From<&str>`
///     `MyCustomBox<dyn Error>: From<?E>`
///
/// This gives us `?E = &str`. We then try to prove the first impl's predicates
/// after negating, giving us `&str: !Error`. This is a negative impl provided by
/// libstd, and therefore we can guarantee for certain that libstd will never add
/// a positive impl for `&str: Error` (without it being a breaking change).
fn impl_intersection_has_negative_obligation(
    tcx: TyCtxt<'_>,
    impl1_def_id: DefId,
    impl2_def_id: DefId,
) -> bool {
    debug!("negative_impl(impl1_def_id={:?}, impl2_def_id={:?})", impl1_def_id, impl2_def_id);

    // Create an infcx, taking the predicates of impl1 as assumptions:
    let infcx = tcx.infer_ctxt().build();
    // create a parameter environment corresponding to a (placeholder) instantiation of impl1
    let impl_env = tcx.param_env(impl1_def_id);
    let subject1 = match traits::fully_normalize(
        &infcx,
        ObligationCause::dummy(),
        impl_env,
        tcx.impl_subject(impl1_def_id).instantiate_identity(),
    ) {
        Ok(s) => s,
        Err(err) => {
            tcx.sess.delay_span_bug(
                tcx.def_span(impl1_def_id),
                format!("failed to fully normalize {impl1_def_id:?}: {err:?}"),
            );
            return false;
        }
    };

    // Attempt to prove that impl2 applies, given all of the above.
    let selcx = &mut SelectionContext::new(&infcx);
    let impl2_args = infcx.fresh_args_for_item(DUMMY_SP, impl2_def_id);
    let (subject2, normalization_obligations) =
        impl_subject_and_oblig(selcx, impl_env, impl2_def_id, impl2_args, |_, _| {
            ObligationCause::dummy()
        });

    // do the impls unify? If not, then it's not currently possible to prove any
    // obligations about their intersection.
    let Ok(InferOk { obligations: equate_obligations, .. }) =
        infcx.at(&ObligationCause::dummy(), impl_env).eq(DefineOpaqueTypes::No, subject1, subject2)
    else {
        debug!("explicit_disjoint: {:?} does not unify with {:?}", subject1, subject2);
        return false;
    };

    for obligation in normalization_obligations.into_iter().chain(equate_obligations) {
        if negative_impl_exists(&infcx, &obligation, impl1_def_id) {
            debug!("overlap: obligation unsatisfiable {:?}", obligation);
            return true;
        }
    }

    false
}

/// Try to prove that a negative impl exist for the obligation or its supertraits.
///
/// If such a negative impl exists, then the obligation definitely must not hold
/// due to coherence, even if it's not necessarily "knowable" in this crate. Any
/// valid impl downstream would not be able to exist due to the overlapping
/// negative impl.
#[instrument(level = "debug", skip(infcx))]
fn negative_impl_exists<'tcx>(
    infcx: &InferCtxt<'tcx>,
    o: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>,
    body_def_id: DefId,
) -> bool {
    // Try to prove a negative obligation exists for super predicates
    for pred in util::elaborate(infcx.tcx, iter::once(o.predicate)) {
        if prove_negated_obligation(infcx.fork(), &o.with(infcx.tcx, pred), body_def_id) {
            return true;
        }
    }

    false
}

#[instrument(level = "debug", skip(infcx))]
fn prove_negated_obligation<'tcx>(
    infcx: InferCtxt<'tcx>,
    o: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>,
    body_def_id: DefId,
) -> bool {
    let tcx = infcx.tcx;

    let Some(o) = o.flip_polarity(tcx) else {
        return false;
    };

    let param_env = o.param_env;
    let ocx = ObligationCtxt::new(&infcx);
    ocx.register_obligation(o);
    let errors = ocx.select_all_or_error();
    if !errors.is_empty() {
        return false;
    }

    let body_def_id = body_def_id.as_local().unwrap_or(CRATE_DEF_ID);

    let ocx = ObligationCtxt::new(&infcx);
    let Ok(wf_tys) = ocx.assumed_wf_types(param_env, body_def_id) else {
        return false;
    };

    let outlives_env = OutlivesEnvironment::with_bounds(
        param_env,
        infcx.implied_bounds_tys(param_env, body_def_id, wf_tys),
    );
    infcx.resolve_regions(&outlives_env).is_empty()
}

/// Returns whether all impls which would apply to the `trait_ref`
/// e.g. `Ty: Trait<Arg>` are already known in the local crate.
///
/// This both checks whether any downstream or sibling crates could
/// implement it and whether an upstream crate can add this impl
/// without breaking backwards compatibility.
#[instrument(level = "debug", skip(tcx, lazily_normalize_ty), ret)]
pub fn trait_ref_is_knowable<'tcx, E: Debug>(
    tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
    trait_ref: ty::TraitRef<'tcx>,
    mut lazily_normalize_ty: impl FnMut(Ty<'tcx>) -> Result<Ty<'tcx>, E>,
) -> Result<Result<(), Conflict>, E> {
    if Some(trait_ref.def_id) == tcx.lang_items().fn_ptr_trait() {
        // The only types implementing `FnPtr` are function pointers,
        // so if there's no impl of `FnPtr` in the current crate,
        // then such an impl will never be added in the future.
        return Ok(Ok(()));
    }

    if orphan_check_trait_ref(trait_ref, InCrate::Remote, &mut lazily_normalize_ty)?.is_ok() {
        // A downstream or cousin crate is allowed to implement some
        // substitution of this trait-ref.
        return Ok(Err(Conflict::Downstream));
    }

    if trait_ref_is_local_or_fundamental(tcx, trait_ref) {
        // This is a local or fundamental trait, so future-compatibility
        // is no concern. We know that downstream/cousin crates are not
        // allowed to implement a substitution of this trait ref, which
        // means impls could only come from dependencies of this crate,
        // which we already know about.
        return Ok(Ok(()));
    }

    // This is a remote non-fundamental trait, so if another crate
    // can be the "final owner" of a substitution of this trait-ref,
    // they are allowed to implement it future-compatibly.
    //
    // However, if we are a final owner, then nobody else can be,
    // and if we are an intermediate owner, then we don't care
    // about future-compatibility, which means that we're OK if
    // we are an owner.
    if orphan_check_trait_ref(trait_ref, InCrate::Local, &mut lazily_normalize_ty)?.is_ok() {
        Ok(Ok(()))
    } else {
        Ok(Err(Conflict::Upstream))
    }
}

pub fn trait_ref_is_local_or_fundamental<'tcx>(
    tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
    trait_ref: ty::TraitRef<'tcx>,
) -> bool {
    trait_ref.def_id.krate == LOCAL_CRATE || tcx.has_attr(trait_ref.def_id, sym::fundamental)
}

#[derive(Debug)]
pub enum OrphanCheckErr<'tcx> {
    NonLocalInputType(Vec<(Ty<'tcx>, bool /* Is this the first input type? */)>),
    UncoveredTy(Ty<'tcx>, Option<Ty<'tcx>>),
}

/// Checks the coherence orphan rules. `impl_def_id` should be the
/// `DefId` of a trait impl. To pass, either the trait must be local, or else
/// two conditions must be satisfied:
///
/// 1. All type parameters in `Self` must be "covered" by some local type constructor.
/// 2. Some local type must appear in `Self`.
#[instrument(level = "debug", skip(tcx), ret)]
pub fn orphan_check(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, impl_def_id: DefId) -> Result<(), OrphanCheckErr<'_>> {
    // We only except this routine to be invoked on implementations
    // of a trait, not inherent implementations.
    let trait_ref = tcx.impl_trait_ref(impl_def_id).unwrap().instantiate_identity();
    debug!(?trait_ref);

    // If the *trait* is local to the crate, ok.
    if trait_ref.def_id.is_local() {
        debug!("trait {:?} is local to current crate", trait_ref.def_id);
        return Ok(());
    }

    orphan_check_trait_ref::<!>(trait_ref, InCrate::Local, |ty| Ok(ty)).unwrap()
}

/// Checks whether a trait-ref is potentially implementable by a crate.
///
/// The current rule is that a trait-ref orphan checks in a crate C:
///
/// 1. Order the parameters in the trait-ref in subst order - Self first,
///    others linearly (e.g., `<U as Foo<V, W>>` is U < V < W).
/// 2. Of these type parameters, there is at least one type parameter
///    in which, walking the type as a tree, you can reach a type local
///    to C where all types in-between are fundamental types. Call the
///    first such parameter the "local key parameter".
///     - e.g., `Box<LocalType>` is OK, because you can visit LocalType
///       going through `Box`, which is fundamental.
///     - similarly, `FundamentalPair<Vec<()>, Box<LocalType>>` is OK for
///       the same reason.
///     - but (knowing that `Vec<T>` is non-fundamental, and assuming it's
///       not local), `Vec<LocalType>` is bad, because `Vec<->` is between
///       the local type and the type parameter.
/// 3. Before this local type, no generic type parameter of the impl must
///    be reachable through fundamental types.
///     - e.g. `impl<T> Trait<LocalType> for Vec<T>` is fine, as `Vec` is not fundamental.
///     - while `impl<T> Trait<LocalType> for Box<T>` results in an error, as `T` is
///       reachable through the fundamental type `Box`.
/// 4. Every type in the local key parameter not known in C, going
///    through the parameter's type tree, must appear only as a subtree of
///    a type local to C, with only fundamental types between the type
///    local to C and the local key parameter.
///     - e.g., `Vec<LocalType<T>>>` (or equivalently `Box<Vec<LocalType<T>>>`)
///     is bad, because the only local type with `T` as a subtree is
///     `LocalType<T>`, and `Vec<->` is between it and the type parameter.
///     - similarly, `FundamentalPair<LocalType<T>, T>` is bad, because
///     the second occurrence of `T` is not a subtree of *any* local type.
///     - however, `LocalType<Vec<T>>` is OK, because `T` is a subtree of
///     `LocalType<Vec<T>>`, which is local and has no types between it and
///     the type parameter.
///
/// The orphan rules actually serve several different purposes:
///
/// 1. They enable link-safety - i.e., 2 mutually-unknowing crates (where
///    every type local to one crate is unknown in the other) can't implement
///    the same trait-ref. This follows because it can be seen that no such
///    type can orphan-check in 2 such crates.
///
///    To check that a local impl follows the orphan rules, we check it in
///    InCrate::Local mode, using type parameters for the "generic" types.
///
/// 2. They ground negative reasoning for coherence. If a user wants to
///    write both a conditional blanket impl and a specific impl, we need to
///    make sure they do not overlap. For example, if we write
///    ```ignore (illustrative)
///    impl<T> IntoIterator for Vec<T>
///    impl<T: Iterator> IntoIterator for T
///    ```
///    We need to be able to prove that `Vec<$0>: !Iterator` for every type $0.
///    We can observe that this holds in the current crate, but we need to make
///    sure this will also hold in all unknown crates (both "independent" crates,
///    which we need for link-safety, and also child crates, because we don't want
///    child crates to get error for impl conflicts in a *dependency*).
///
///    For that, we only allow negative reasoning if, for every assignment to the
///    inference variables, every unknown crate would get an orphan error if they
///    try to implement this trait-ref. To check for this, we use InCrate::Remote
///    mode. That is sound because we already know all the impls from known crates.
///
/// 3. For non-`#[fundamental]` traits, they guarantee that parent crates can
///    add "non-blanket" impls without breaking negative reasoning in dependent
///    crates. This is the "rebalancing coherence" (RFC 1023) restriction.
///
///    For that, we only a allow crate to perform negative reasoning on
///    non-local-non-`#[fundamental]` only if there's a local key parameter as per (2).
///
///    Because we never perform negative reasoning generically (coherence does
///    not involve type parameters), this can be interpreted as doing the full
///    orphan check (using InCrate::Local mode), substituting non-local known
///    types for all inference variables.
///
///    This allows for crates to future-compatibly add impls as long as they
///    can't apply to types with a key parameter in a child crate - applying
///    the rules, this basically means that every type parameter in the impl
///    must appear behind a non-fundamental type (because this is not a
///    type-system requirement, crate owners might also go for "semantic
///    future-compatibility" involving things such as sealed traits, but
///    the above requirement is sufficient, and is necessary in "open world"
///    cases).
///
/// Note that this function is never called for types that have both type
/// parameters and inference variables.
#[instrument(level = "trace", skip(lazily_normalize_ty), ret)]
fn orphan_check_trait_ref<'tcx, E: Debug>(
    trait_ref: ty::TraitRef<'tcx>,
    in_crate: InCrate,
    lazily_normalize_ty: impl FnMut(Ty<'tcx>) -> Result<Ty<'tcx>, E>,
) -> Result<Result<(), OrphanCheckErr<'tcx>>, E> {
    if trait_ref.has_infer() && trait_ref.has_param() {
        bug!(
            "can't orphan check a trait ref with both params and inference variables {:?}",
            trait_ref
        );
    }

    let mut checker = OrphanChecker::new(in_crate, lazily_normalize_ty);
    Ok(match trait_ref.visit_with(&mut checker) {
        ControlFlow::Continue(()) => Err(OrphanCheckErr::NonLocalInputType(checker.non_local_tys)),
        ControlFlow::Break(OrphanCheckEarlyExit::NormalizationFailure(err)) => return Err(err),
        ControlFlow::Break(OrphanCheckEarlyExit::ParamTy(ty)) => {
            // Does there exist some local type after the `ParamTy`.
            checker.search_first_local_ty = true;
            if let Some(OrphanCheckEarlyExit::LocalTy(local_ty)) =
                trait_ref.visit_with(&mut checker).break_value()
            {
                Err(OrphanCheckErr::UncoveredTy(ty, Some(local_ty)))
            } else {
                Err(OrphanCheckErr::UncoveredTy(ty, None))
            }
        }
        ControlFlow::Break(OrphanCheckEarlyExit::LocalTy(_)) => Ok(()),
    })
}

struct OrphanChecker<'tcx, F> {
    in_crate: InCrate,
    in_self_ty: bool,
    lazily_normalize_ty: F,
    /// Ignore orphan check failures and exclusively search for the first
    /// local type.
    search_first_local_ty: bool,
    non_local_tys: Vec<(Ty<'tcx>, bool)>,
}

impl<'tcx, F, E> OrphanChecker<'tcx, F>
where
    F: FnOnce(Ty<'tcx>) -> Result<Ty<'tcx>, E>,
{
    fn new(in_crate: InCrate, lazily_normalize_ty: F) -> Self {
        OrphanChecker {
            in_crate,
            in_self_ty: true,
            lazily_normalize_ty,
            search_first_local_ty: false,
            non_local_tys: Vec::new(),
        }
    }

    fn found_non_local_ty(&mut self, t: Ty<'tcx>) -> ControlFlow<OrphanCheckEarlyExit<'tcx, E>> {
        self.non_local_tys.push((t, self.in_self_ty));
        ControlFlow::Continue(())
    }

    fn found_param_ty(&mut self, t: Ty<'tcx>) -> ControlFlow<OrphanCheckEarlyExit<'tcx, E>> {
        if self.search_first_local_ty {
            ControlFlow::Continue(())
        } else {
            ControlFlow::Break(OrphanCheckEarlyExit::ParamTy(t))
        }
    }

    fn def_id_is_local(&mut self, def_id: DefId) -> bool {
        match self.in_crate {
            InCrate::Local => def_id.is_local(),
            InCrate::Remote => false,
        }
    }
}

enum OrphanCheckEarlyExit<'tcx, E> {
    NormalizationFailure(E),
    ParamTy(Ty<'tcx>),
    LocalTy(Ty<'tcx>),
}

impl<'tcx, F, E> TypeVisitor<TyCtxt<'tcx>> for OrphanChecker<'tcx, F>
where
    F: FnMut(Ty<'tcx>) -> Result<Ty<'tcx>, E>,
{
    type BreakTy = OrphanCheckEarlyExit<'tcx, E>;
    fn visit_region(&mut self, _r: ty::Region<'tcx>) -> ControlFlow<Self::BreakTy> {
        ControlFlow::Continue(())
    }

    fn visit_ty(&mut self, ty: Ty<'tcx>) -> ControlFlow<Self::BreakTy> {
        // Need to lazily normalize here in with `-Ztrait-solver=next-coherence`.
        let ty = match (self.lazily_normalize_ty)(ty) {
            Ok(ty) => ty,
            Err(err) => return ControlFlow::Break(OrphanCheckEarlyExit::NormalizationFailure(err)),
        };

        let result = match *ty.kind() {
            ty::Bool
            | ty::Char
            | ty::Int(..)
            | ty::Uint(..)
            | ty::Float(..)
            | ty::Str
            | ty::FnDef(..)
            | ty::FnPtr(_)
            | ty::Array(..)
            | ty::Slice(..)
            | ty::RawPtr(..)
            | ty::Never
            | ty::Tuple(..)
            | ty::Alias(ty::Projection | ty::Inherent | ty::Weak, ..) => {
                self.found_non_local_ty(ty)
            }

            ty::Param(..) => self.found_param_ty(ty),

            ty::Placeholder(..) | ty::Bound(..) | ty::Infer(..) => match self.in_crate {
                InCrate::Local => self.found_non_local_ty(ty),
                // The inference variable might be unified with a local
                // type in that remote crate.
                InCrate::Remote => ControlFlow::Break(OrphanCheckEarlyExit::LocalTy(ty)),
            },

            // For fundamental types, we just look inside of them.
            ty::Ref(_, ty, _) => ty.visit_with(self),
            ty::Adt(def, args) => {
                if self.def_id_is_local(def.did()) {
                    ControlFlow::Break(OrphanCheckEarlyExit::LocalTy(ty))
                } else if def.is_fundamental() {
                    args.visit_with(self)
                } else {
                    self.found_non_local_ty(ty)
                }
            }
            ty::Foreign(def_id) => {
                if self.def_id_is_local(def_id) {
                    ControlFlow::Break(OrphanCheckEarlyExit::LocalTy(ty))
                } else {
                    self.found_non_local_ty(ty)
                }
            }
            ty::Dynamic(tt, ..) => {
                let principal = tt.principal().map(|p| p.def_id());
                if principal.is_some_and(|p| self.def_id_is_local(p)) {
                    ControlFlow::Break(OrphanCheckEarlyExit::LocalTy(ty))
                } else {
                    self.found_non_local_ty(ty)
                }
            }
            ty::Error(_) => ControlFlow::Break(OrphanCheckEarlyExit::LocalTy(ty)),
            ty::Closure(did, ..) | ty::Generator(did, ..) => {
                if self.def_id_is_local(did) {
                    ControlFlow::Break(OrphanCheckEarlyExit::LocalTy(ty))
                } else {
                    self.found_non_local_ty(ty)
                }
            }
            // This should only be created when checking whether we have to check whether some
            // auto trait impl applies. There will never be multiple impls, so we can just
            // act as if it were a local type here.
            ty::GeneratorWitness(_) | ty::GeneratorWitnessMIR(..) => {
                ControlFlow::Break(OrphanCheckEarlyExit::LocalTy(ty))
            }
            ty::Alias(ty::Opaque, ..) => {
                // This merits some explanation.
                // Normally, opaque types are not involved when performing
                // coherence checking, since it is illegal to directly
                // implement a trait on an opaque type. However, we might
                // end up looking at an opaque type during coherence checking
                // if an opaque type gets used within another type (e.g. as
                // the type of a field) when checking for auto trait or `Sized`
                // impls. This requires us to decide whether or not an opaque
                // type should be considered 'local' or not.
                //
                // We choose to treat all opaque types as non-local, even
                // those that appear within the same crate. This seems
                // somewhat surprising at first, but makes sense when
                // you consider that opaque types are supposed to hide
                // the underlying type *within the same crate*. When an
                // opaque type is used from outside the module
                // where it is declared, it should be impossible to observe
                // anything about it other than the traits that it implements.
                //
                // The alternative would be to look at the underlying type
                // to determine whether or not the opaque type itself should
                // be considered local. However, this could make it a breaking change
                // to switch the underlying ('defining') type from a local type
                // to a remote type. This would violate the rule that opaque
                // types should be completely opaque apart from the traits
                // that they implement, so we don't use this behavior.
                self.found_non_local_ty(ty)
            }
        };
        // A bit of a hack, the `OrphanChecker` is only used to visit a `TraitRef`, so
        // the first type we visit is always the self type.
        self.in_self_ty = false;
        result
    }

    /// All possible values for a constant parameter already exist
    /// in the crate defining the trait, so they are always non-local[^1].
    ///
    /// Because there's no way to have an impl where the first local
    /// generic argument is a constant, we also don't have to fail
    /// the orphan check when encountering a parameter or a generic constant.
    ///
    /// This means that we can completely ignore constants during the orphan check.
    ///
    /// See `tests/ui/coherence/const-generics-orphan-check-ok.rs` for examples.
    ///
    /// [^1]: This might not hold for function pointers or trait objects in the future.
    /// As these should be quite rare as const arguments and especially rare as impl
    /// parameters, allowing uncovered const parameters in impls seems more useful
    /// than allowing `impl<T> Trait<local_fn_ptr, T> for i32` to compile.
    fn visit_const(&mut self, _c: ty::Const<'tcx>) -> ControlFlow<Self::BreakTy> {
        ControlFlow::Continue(())
    }
}