# How to write documentation

Good documentation is not natural.  There are opposing goals that make writing
good documentation difficult.  It requires expertise in the subject but also
writing to a novice perspective.  Documentation therefore often glazes over
implementation detail, or leaves readers with unanswered questions.

There are a few tenets to Rust documentation that can help guide anyone through
the process of documenting libraries so that everyone has an ample opportunity
to use the code.

This chapter covers not only how to write documentation but specifically
how to write **good** documentation.  It is important to be as clear
as you can, and as complete as possible.  As a rule of thumb: the more
documentation you write for your crate the better.  If an item is public
then it should be documented.

## Getting Started

Documenting a crate should begin with front-page documentation.  As an
example, the [`hashbrown`] crate level documentation summarizes the role of
the crate, provides links to explain technical details, and explains why you
would want to use the crate.

After introducing the crate, it is important that the front-page gives
an example of how to use the crate in a real world setting.  Stick to the
library's role in the example, but do so without shortcuts to benefit users who
may copy and paste the example to get started.

[`futures`] uses inline comments to explain line by line
the complexities of using a [`Future`], because a person's first exposure to
rust's [`Future`] may be this example.

The [`backtrace`] documentation walks through the whole process, explaining
changes made to the `Cargo.toml` file, passing command line arguments to the
compiler, and shows a quick example of backtrace in the wild.

Finally, the front-page can eventually become a comprehensive reference
how to use a crate, like [`regex`].  In this front page, all
requirements are outlined, the edge cases shown, and practical examples
provided.  The front page goes on to show how to use regular expressions
then concludes with crate features.

Don't worry about comparing your crate, which is just beginning, to other more
developed crates.  To get the documentation to something more polished, start
incrementally and put in an introduction, example, and features.  Rome was not
built in a day!

The first lines within the `lib.rs` will compose the front-page, and they
use a different convention than the rest of the rustdocs.  Lines should
start with `//!` which indicate module-level or crate-level documentation.
Here's a quick example of the difference:

```rust,no_run
//! Fast and easy queue abstraction.
//!
//! Provides an abstraction over a queue.  When the abstraction is used
//! there are these advantages:
//! - Fast
//! - [`Easy`]
//!
//! [`Easy`]: http://thatwaseasy.example.com

/// This module makes it easy.
pub mod easy {

    /// Use the abstraction function to do this specific thing.
    pub fn abstraction() {}

}
```

Ideally, this first line of documentation is a sentence without highly
technical details, but with a good description of where this crate fits
within the rust ecosystem.  Users should know whether this crate meets their use
case after reading this line.

## Documenting components

Whether it is modules, structs, functions, or macros: the public
API of all code should have documentation. Rarely does anyone
complain about too much documentation!

It is recommended that each item's documentation follows this basic structure:

```text
[short sentence explaining what it is]

[more detailed explanation]

[at least one code example that users can copy/paste to try it]

[even more advanced explanations if necessary]
```

This basic structure should be straightforward to follow when writing your
documentation; while you might think that a code example is trivial,
the examples are really important because they can help users understand
what an item is, how it is used, and for what purpose it exists.

Let's see an example coming from the [standard library] by taking a look at the
[`std::env::args()`][env::args] function:

``````markdown
Returns the arguments which this program was started with (normally passed
via the command line).

The first element is traditionally the path of the executable, but it can be
set to arbitrary text, and may not even exist. This means this property should
not be relied upon for security purposes.

On Unix systems shell usually expands unquoted arguments with glob patterns
(such as `*` and `?`). On Windows this is not done, and such arguments are
passed as-is.

# Panics

The returned iterator will panic during iteration if any argument to the
process is not valid unicode. If this is not desired,
use the [`args_os`] function instead.

# Examples

```
use std::env;

// Prints each argument on a separate line
for argument in env::args() {
    println!("{}", argument);
}
```

[`args_os`]: ./fn.args_os.html
``````

Everything before the first empty line will be reused to describe the component
in searches and module overviews.  For example, the function `std::env::args()`
above will be shown on the [`std::env`] module documentation. It is good
practice to keep the summary to one line: concise writing is a goal of good
documentation.

Because the type system does a good job of defining what types a function
passes and returns, there is no benefit of explicitly writing it
into the documentation, especially since `rustdoc` adds hyper links to all types in the function signature.

In the example above, a 'Panics' section explains when the code might abruptly exit,
which can help the reader prevent reaching a panic.  A panic section is recommended
every time edge cases in your code can be reached if known.

As you can see, it follows the structure detailed above: it starts with a short
sentence explaining what the functions does, then it provides more information
and finally provides a code example.

## Markdown

`rustdoc` uses the [CommonMark Markdown specification]. You might be
interested in taking a look at their website to see what's possible:

 - [CommonMark quick reference]
 - [current spec]

In addition to the standard CommonMark syntax, `rustdoc` supports several
extensions:

### Strikethrough

Text may be rendered with a horizontal line through the center by wrapping the
text with two tilde characters on each side:

```text
An example of ~~strikethrough text~~.
```

This example will render as:

> An example of ~~strikethrough text~~.

This follows the [GitHub Strikethrough extension][strikethrough].

### Footnotes

A footnote generates a small numbered link in the text which when clicked
takes the reader to the footnote text at the bottom of the item. The footnote
label is written similarly to a link reference with a caret at the front. The
footnote text is written like a link reference definition, with the text
following the label. Example:

```text
This is an example of a footnote[^note].

[^note]: This text is the contents of the footnote, which will be rendered
    towards the bottom.
```

This example will render as:

> This is an example of a footnote[^note].
>
> [^note]: This text is the contents of the footnote, which will be rendered
>     towards the bottom.

The footnotes are automatically numbered based on the order the footnotes are
written.

### Tables

Tables can be written using pipes and dashes to draw the rows and columns of
the table. These will be translated to HTML table matching the shape. Example:

```text
| Header1 | Header2 |
|---------|---------|
| abc     | def     |
```

This example will render similarly to this:

> | Header1 | Header2 |
> |---------|---------|
> | abc     | def     |

See the specification for the [GitHub Tables extension][tables] for more
details on the exact syntax supported.

### Task lists

Task lists can be used as a checklist of items that have been completed.
Example:

```md
- [x] Complete task
- [ ] Incomplete task
```

This will render as:

> - [x] Complete task
> - [ ] Incomplete task

See the specification for the [task list extension] for more details.

### Smart punctuation

Some ASCII punctuation sequences will be automatically turned into fancy Unicode
characters:

| ASCII sequence | Unicode |
|----------------|---------|
| `--`           | –       |
| `---`          | —       |
| `...`          | …       |
| `"`            | “ or ”, depending on context |
| `'`            | ‘ or ’, depending on context |

So, no need to manually enter those Unicode characters!

[`backtrace`]: https://docs.rs/backtrace/0.3.50/backtrace/
[commonmark markdown specification]: https://commonmark.org/
[commonmark quick reference]: https://commonmark.org/help/
[env::args]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/env/fn.args.html
[`Future`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/future/trait.Future.html
[`futures`]: https://docs.rs/futures/0.3.5/futures/
[`hashbrown`]: https://docs.rs/hashbrown/0.8.2/hashbrown/
[`regex`]: https://docs.rs/regex/1.3.9/regex/
[standard library]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/index.html
[current spec]: https://spec.commonmark.org/current/
[`std::env`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/env/index.html#functions
[strikethrough]: https://github.github.com/gfm/#strikethrough-extension-
[tables]: https://github.github.com/gfm/#tables-extension-
[task list extension]: https://github.github.com/gfm/#task-list-items-extension-
