mirror of
https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs.git
synced 2024-12-23 22:23:15 +00:00
3216b85713
Generating password hashes, e.g. when adding new users to the system configuration, should work out-of-the-box and offline.
89 lines
4.3 KiB
XML
89 lines
4.3 KiB
XML
<chapter xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
|
||
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
|
||
xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
|
||
version="5.0"
|
||
xml:id="sec-user-management">
|
||
<title>User Management</title>
|
||
<para>
|
||
NixOS supports both declarative and imperative styles of user management. In
|
||
the declarative style, users are specified in
|
||
<filename>configuration.nix</filename>. For instance, the following states
|
||
that a user account named <literal>alice</literal> shall exist:
|
||
<programlisting>
|
||
<xref linkend="opt-users.users"/>.alice = {
|
||
<link linkend="opt-users.users._name_.isNormalUser">isNormalUser</link> = true;
|
||
<link linkend="opt-users.users._name_.home">home</link> = "/home/alice";
|
||
<link linkend="opt-users.users._name_.description">description</link> = "Alice Foobar";
|
||
<link linkend="opt-users.users._name_.extraGroups">extraGroups</link> = [ "wheel" "networkmanager" ];
|
||
<link linkend="opt-users.users._name_.openssh.authorizedKeys.keys">openssh.authorizedKeys.keys</link> = [ "ssh-dss AAAAB3Nza... alice@foobar" ];
|
||
};
|
||
</programlisting>
|
||
Note that <literal>alice</literal> is a member of the
|
||
<literal>wheel</literal> and <literal>networkmanager</literal> groups, which
|
||
allows her to use <command>sudo</command> to execute commands as
|
||
<literal>root</literal> and to configure the network, respectively. Also note
|
||
the SSH public key that allows remote logins with the corresponding private
|
||
key. Users created in this way do not have a password by default, so they
|
||
cannot log in via mechanisms that require a password. However, you can use
|
||
the <command>passwd</command> program to set a password, which is retained
|
||
across invocations of <command>nixos-rebuild</command>.
|
||
</para>
|
||
<para>
|
||
If you set <xref linkend="opt-users.mutableUsers"/> to false, then the
|
||
contents of <literal>/etc/passwd</literal> and <literal>/etc/group</literal>
|
||
will be congruent to your NixOS configuration. For instance, if you remove a
|
||
user from <xref linkend="opt-users.users"/> and run nixos-rebuild, the user
|
||
account will cease to exist. Also, imperative commands for managing users and
|
||
groups, such as useradd, are no longer available. Passwords may still be
|
||
assigned by setting the user's
|
||
<link linkend="opt-users.users._name_.hashedPassword">hashedPassword</link>
|
||
option. A hashed password can be generated using <command>mkpasswd -m
|
||
sha-512</command>.
|
||
</para>
|
||
<para>
|
||
A user ID (uid) is assigned automatically. You can also specify a uid
|
||
manually by adding
|
||
<programlisting>
|
||
uid = 1000;
|
||
</programlisting>
|
||
to the user specification.
|
||
</para>
|
||
<para>
|
||
Groups can be specified similarly. The following states that a group named
|
||
<literal>students</literal> shall exist:
|
||
<programlisting>
|
||
<xref linkend="opt-users.groups"/>.students.gid = 1000;
|
||
</programlisting>
|
||
As with users, the group ID (gid) is optional and will be assigned
|
||
automatically if it’s missing.
|
||
</para>
|
||
<para>
|
||
In the imperative style, users and groups are managed by commands such as
|
||
<command>useradd</command>, <command>groupmod</command> and so on. For
|
||
instance, to create a user account named <literal>alice</literal>:
|
||
<screen>
|
||
<prompt># </prompt>useradd -m <replaceable>alice</replaceable></screen>
|
||
To make all nix tools available to this new user use `su - USER` which opens
|
||
a login shell (==shell that loads the profile) for given user. This will
|
||
create the ~/.nix-defexpr symlink. So run:
|
||
<screen>
|
||
<prompt># </prompt>su - <replaceable>alice</replaceable> -c "true"</screen>
|
||
The flag <option>-m</option> causes the creation of a home directory for the
|
||
new user, which is generally what you want. The user does not have an initial
|
||
password and therefore cannot log in. A password can be set using the
|
||
<command>passwd</command> utility:
|
||
<screen>
|
||
<prompt># </prompt>passwd <replaceable>alice</replaceable>
|
||
Enter new UNIX password: ***
|
||
Retype new UNIX password: ***
|
||
</screen>
|
||
A user can be deleted using <command>userdel</command>:
|
||
<screen>
|
||
<prompt># </prompt>userdel -r <replaceable>alice</replaceable></screen>
|
||
The flag <option>-r</option> deletes the user’s home directory. Accounts
|
||
can be modified using <command>usermod</command>. Unix groups can be managed
|
||
using <command>groupadd</command>, <command>groupmod</command> and
|
||
<command>groupdel</command>.
|
||
</para>
|
||
</chapter>
|