# Installing from another Linux distribution

Because Nix (the package manager) & Nixpkgs (the Nix packages collection) can both be installed on any (most?) Linux distributions, they can be used to install NixOS in various creative ways. You can, for instance:

1. Install NixOS on another partition, from your existing Linux distribution (without the use of a USB or optical device!)

2. Install NixOS on the same partition (in place!), from your existing non-NixOS Linux distribution using `NIXOS_LUSTRATE`.

3. Install NixOS on your hard drive from the Live CD of any Linux distribution.

The first steps to all these are the same:

1. Install the Nix package manager:

   Short version:

       $ curl https://nixos.org/nix/install | sh
       $ . $HOME/.nix-profile/etc/profile.d/nix.sh # …or open a fresh shell

   More details in the Nix manual

2. Switch to the NixOS channel:

   If you've just installed Nix on a non-NixOS distribution, you will be on the `nixpkgs` channel by default.

       $ nix-channel --list
       nixpkgs https://nixos.org/channels/nixpkgs-unstable

   As that channel gets released without running the NixOS tests, it will be safer to use the `nixos-*` channels instead:

       $ nix-channel --add https://nixos.org/channels/nixos-version nixpkgs

   You may want to throw in a `nix-channel --update` for good measure.

3. Install the NixOS installation tools:

   You'll need `nixos-generate-config` and `nixos-install` and we'll throw in some man pages and `nixos-enter` just in case you want to chroot into your NixOS partition. They are installed by default on NixOS, but you don't have NixOS yet..

       $ nix-env -iE "_: with import <nixpkgs/nixos> { configuration = {}; }; with config.system.build; [ nixos-generate-config nixos-install nixos-enter manual.manpages ]"

4. The following 5 steps are only for installing NixOS to another partition. For installing NixOS in place using `NIXOS_LUSTRATE`, skip ahead.

   Prepare your target partition:

   At this point it is time to prepare your target partition. Please refer to the partitioning, file-system creation, and mounting steps of

   If you're about to install NixOS in place using `NIXOS_LUSTRATE` there is nothing to do for this step.

5. Generate your NixOS configuration:

       $ sudo `which nixos-generate-config` --root /mnt

   You'll probably want to edit the configuration files. Refer to the `nixos-generate-config` step in for more information.

   Consider setting up the NixOS bootloader to give you the ability to boot on your existing Linux partition. For instance, if you're using GRUB and your existing distribution is running Ubuntu, you may want to add something like this to your `configuration.nix`:

        = ''
         menuentry "Ubuntu" {
           search --set=ubuntu --fs-uuid 3cc3e652-0c1f-4800-8451-033754f68e6e
           configfile "($ubuntu)/boot/grub/grub.cfg"
         }
       '';

   (You can find the appropriate UUID for your partition in `/dev/disk/by-uuid`)

6. Create the `nixbld` group and user on your original distribution:

       $ sudo groupadd -g 30000 nixbld
       $ sudo useradd -u 30000 -g nixbld -G nixbld nixbld

7. Download/build/install NixOS:

   Once you complete this step, you might no longer be able to boot on existing systems without the help of a rescue USB drive or similar.

       $ sudo PATH="$PATH" NIX_PATH="$NIX_PATH" `which nixos-install` --root /mnt

   Again, please refer to the `nixos-install` step in for more information.

   That should be it for installation to another partition!

8. Optionally, you may want to clean up your non-NixOS distribution:

       $ sudo userdel nixbld
       $ sudo groupdel nixbld

   If you do not wish to keep the Nix package manager installed either, run something like `sudo rm -rv ~/.nix-* /nix` and remove the line that the Nix installer added to your `~/.profile`.

9. The following steps are only for installing NixOS in place using `NIXOS_LUSTRATE`:

   Generate your NixOS configuration:

       $ sudo `which nixos-generate-config` --root /

   Note that this will place the generated configuration files in `/etc/nixos`. You'll probably want to edit the configuration files. Refer to the `nixos-generate-config` step in for more information.

   You'll likely want to set a root password for your first boot using the configuration files because you won't have a chance to enter a password until after you reboot. You can initalize the root password to an empty one with this line: (and of course don't forget to set one once you've rebooted or to lock the account with `sudo passwd -l root` if you use `sudo`)

       users.users.root.initialHashedPassword = "";

10. Build the NixOS closure and install it in the `system` profile:

        $ nix-env -p /nix/var/nix/profiles/system -f '<nixpkgs/nixos>' -I nixos-config=/etc/nixos/configuration.nix -iA system

11. Change ownership of the `/nix` tree to root (since your Nix install was probably single user):

        $ sudo chown -R 0.0 /nix

12. Set up the `/etc/NIXOS` and `/etc/NIXOS_LUSTRATE` files:

    `/etc/NIXOS` officializes that this is now a NixOS partition (the bootup scripts require its presence).

    `/etc/NIXOS_LUSTRATE` tells the NixOS bootup scripts to move everything that's in the root partition to `/old-root`. This will move your existing distribution out of the way in the very early stages of the NixOS bootup. There are exceptions (we do need to keep NixOS there after all), so the NixOS lustrate process will not touch:

    - The `/nix` directory

    - The `/boot` directory

    - Any file or directory listed in `/etc/NIXOS_LUSTRATE` (one per line)

    Support for `NIXOS_LUSTRATE` was added in NixOS 16.09. The act of "lustrating" refers to the wiping of the existing distribution. Creating `/etc/NIXOS_LUSTRATE` can also be used on NixOS to remove all mutable files from your root partition (anything that's not in `/nix` or `/boot` gets "lustrated" on the next boot.

    lustrate /ˈlʌstreɪt/ verb.

    purify by expiatory sacrifice, ceremonial washing, or some other ritual action.

    Let's create the files:

        $ sudo touch /etc/NIXOS
        $ sudo touch /etc/NIXOS_LUSTRATE

    Let's also make sure the NixOS configuration files are kept once we reboot on NixOS:

        $ echo etc/nixos | sudo tee -a /etc/NIXOS_LUSTRATE

13. Finally, move the `/boot` directory of your current distribution out of the way (the lustrate process will take care of the rest once you reboot, but this one must be moved out now because NixOS needs to install its own boot files:

    Once you complete this step, your current distribution will no longer be bootable! If you didn't get all the NixOS configuration right, especially those settings pertaining to boot loading and root partition, NixOS may not be bootable either. Have a USB rescue device ready in case this happens.

        $ sudo mv -v /boot /boot.bak &&
            sudo /nix/var/nix/profiles/system/bin/switch-to-configuration boot

    Cross your fingers, reboot, hopefully you should get a NixOS prompt!

14. If for some reason you want to revert to the old distribution, you'll need to boot on a USB rescue disk and do something along these lines:

        # mkdir root
        # mount /dev/sdaX root
        # mkdir root/nixos-root
        # mv -v root/* root/nixos-root/
        # mv -v root/nixos-root/old-root/* root/
        # mv -v root/boot.bak root/boot  # We had renamed this by hand earlier
        # umount root
        # reboot

    This may work as is or you might also need to reinstall the boot loader

    And of course, if you're happy with NixOS and no longer need the old distribution:

        sudo rm -rf /old-root

15. It's also worth noting that this whole process can be automated. This is especially useful for Cloud VMs, where provider do not provide NixOS. For instance, nixos-infect uses the lustrate process to convert Digital Ocean droplets to NixOS from other distributions automatically.