Zeroable derive custom bounds (#196)

* Add space because rust-analyzer thinks it's a weird literal otherwise.

* Add custom bounds for Zeroable.

* Cleanup custom bounds code.

* Only parse explicit bounds for Zeroable.

* Qualify syn types.

* If no explicit bounds are given, apply the default bounds.

* Add perfect derive semantics to `#[zeroable(bound = "...")]`.

derive/src/lib.rs

@@ -77,7 +77,6 @@ pub fn derive_anybitpattern(
 ///
 /// ```rust
 /// # use bytemuck_derive::{Zeroable};
-///
 /// #[derive(Copy, Clone, Zeroable)]
 /// #[repr(C)]
 /// struct Test {
@@ -85,7 +84,65 @@ pub fn derive_anybitpattern(
 ///   b: u16,
 /// }
 /// ```
-#[proc_macro_derive(Zeroable)]
+///
+/// # Custom bounds
+///
+/// Custom bounds for the derived `Zeroable` impl can be given using the
+/// `#[zeroable(bound = "")]` helper attribute.
+///
+/// Using this attribute additionally opts-in to "perfect derive" semantics,
+/// where instead of adding bounds for each generic type parameter, bounds are
+/// added for each field's type.
+///
+/// ## Examples
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use bytemuck::Zeroable;
+/// # use std::marker::PhantomData;
+/// #[derive(Clone, Zeroable)]
+/// #[zeroable(bound = "")]
+/// struct AlwaysZeroable<T> {
+///   a: PhantomData<T>,
+/// }
+///
+/// AlwaysZeroable::<std::num::NonZeroU8>::zeroed();
+/// ```
+///
+/// ```rust,compile_fail
+/// # use bytemuck::Zeroable;
+/// # use std::marker::PhantomData;
+/// #[derive(Clone, Zeroable)]
+/// #[zeroable(bound = "T: Copy")]
+/// struct ZeroableWhenTIsCopy<T> {
+///   a: PhantomData<T>,
+/// }
+///
+/// ZeroableWhenTIsCopy::<String>::zeroed();
+/// ```
+///
+/// The restriction that all fields must be Zeroable is still applied, and this
+/// is enforced using the mentioned "perfect derive" semantics.
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use bytemuck::Zeroable;
+/// #[derive(Clone, Zeroable)]
+/// #[zeroable(bound = "")]
+/// struct ZeroableWhenTIsZeroable<T> {
+///   a: T,
+/// }
+/// ZeroableWhenTIsZeroable::<u32>::zeroed();
+/// ```
+///
+/// ```rust,compile_fail
+/// # use bytemuck::Zeroable;
+/// # #[derive(Clone, Zeroable)]
+/// # #[zeroable(bound = "")]
+/// # struct ZeroableWhenTIsZeroable<T> {
+/// #   a: T,
+/// # }
+/// ZeroableWhenTIsZeroable::<String>::zeroed();
+/// ```
+#[proc_macro_derive(Zeroable, attributes(zeroable))]
 pub fn derive_zeroable(
   input: proc_macro::TokenStream,
 ) -> proc_macro::TokenStream {
@@ -317,12 +374,127 @@ fn derive_marker_trait<Trait: Derivable>(input: DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
     .unwrap_or_else(|err| err.into_compile_error())
 }
 
+/// Find `#[name(key = "value")]` helper attributes on the struct, and return
+/// their `"value"`s parsed with `parser`.
+///
+/// Returns an error if any attributes with the given `name` do not match the
+/// expected format. Returns `Ok([])` if no attributes with `name` are found.
+fn find_and_parse_helper_attributes<P: syn::parse::Parser + Copy>(
+  attributes: &[syn::Attribute], name: &str, key: &str, parser: P,
+  example_value: &str, invalid_value_msg: &str,
+) -> Result<Vec<P::Output>> {
+  let invalid_format_msg =
+    format!("{name} attribute must be `{name}({key} = \"{example_value}\")`",);
+  let values_to_check = attributes.iter().filter_map(|attr| match &attr.meta {
+    // If a `Path` matches our `name`, return an error, else ignore it.
+    // e.g. `#[zeroable]`
+    syn::Meta::Path(path) => path
+      .is_ident(name)
+      .then(|| Err(syn::Error::new_spanned(path, &invalid_format_msg))),
+    // If a `NameValue` matches our `name`, return an error, else ignore it.
+    // e.g. `#[zeroable = "hello"]`
+    syn::Meta::NameValue(namevalue) => {
+      namevalue.path.is_ident(name).then(|| {
+        Err(syn::Error::new_spanned(&namevalue.path, &invalid_format_msg))
+      })
+    }
+    // If a `List` matches our `name`, match its contents to our format, else
+    // ignore it. If its contents match our format, return the value, else
+    // return an error.
+    syn::Meta::List(list) => list.path.is_ident(name).then(|| {
+      let namevalue: syn::MetaNameValue = syn::parse2(list.tokens.clone())
+        .map_err(|_| {
+          syn::Error::new_spanned(&list.tokens, &invalid_format_msg)
+        })?;
+      if namevalue.path.is_ident(key) {
+        match namevalue.value {
+          syn::Expr::Lit(syn::ExprLit {
+            lit: syn::Lit::Str(strlit), ..
+          }) => Ok(strlit),
+          _ => {
+            Err(syn::Error::new_spanned(&namevalue.path, &invalid_format_msg))
+          }
+        }
+      } else {
+        Err(syn::Error::new_spanned(&namevalue.path, &invalid_format_msg))
+      }
+    }),
+  });
+  // Parse each value found with the given parser, and return them if no errors
+  // occur.
+  values_to_check
+    .map(|lit| {
+      let lit = lit?;
+      lit.parse_with(parser).map_err(|err| {
+        syn::Error::new_spanned(&lit, format!("{invalid_value_msg}: {err}"))
+      })
+    })
+    .collect()
+}
+
 fn derive_marker_trait_inner<Trait: Derivable>(
   mut input: DeriveInput,
 ) -> Result<TokenStream> {
-  // Enforce Pod on all generic fields.
   let trait_ = Trait::ident(&input)?;
+  // If this trait allows explicit bounds, and any explicit bounds were given,
+  // then use those explicit bounds. Else, apply the default bounds (bound
+  // each generic type on this trait).
+  if let Some(name) = Trait::explicit_bounds_attribute_name() {
+    // See if any explicit bounds were given in attributes.
+    let explicit_bounds = find_and_parse_helper_attributes(
+      &input.attrs,
+      name,
+      "bound",
+      <syn::punctuated::Punctuated<syn::WherePredicate, syn::Token![,]>>::parse_terminated,
+      "Type: Trait",
+      "invalid where predicate",
+    )?;
+
+    if !explicit_bounds.is_empty() {
+      // Explicit bounds were given.
+      // Enforce explicitly given bounds, and emit "perfect derive" (i.e. add
+      // bounds for each field's type).
+      let explicit_bounds = explicit_bounds
+        .into_iter()
+        .flatten()
+        .collect::<Vec<syn::WherePredicate>>();
+
+      let predicates = &mut input.generics.make_where_clause().predicates;
+
+      predicates.extend(explicit_bounds);
+
+      let fields = match &input.data {
+        syn::Data::Struct(syn::DataStruct { fields, .. }) => fields.clone(),
+        syn::Data::Union(_) => {
+          return Err(syn::Error::new_spanned(
+            trait_,
+            &"perfect derive is not supported for unions",
+          ));
+        }
+        syn::Data::Enum(_) => {
+          return Err(syn::Error::new_spanned(
+            trait_,
+            &"perfect derive is not supported for enums",
+          ));
+        }
+      };
+
+      for field in fields {
+        let ty = field.ty;
+        predicates.push(syn::parse_quote!(
+          #ty: #trait_
+        ));
+      }
+    } else {
+      // No explicit bounds were given.
+      // Enforce trait bound on all type generics.
       add_trait_marker(&mut input.generics, &trait_);
+    }
+  } else {
+    // This trait does not allow explicit bounds.
+    // Enforce trait bound on all type generics.
+    add_trait_marker(&mut input.generics, &trait_);
+  }
 
   let name = &input.ident;
 
@@ -339,11 +511,8 @@ fn derive_marker_trait_inner<Trait: Derivable>(
     quote!()
   };
 
-  let where_clause = if Trait::requires_where_clause() {
-    where_clause
-  } else {
-    None
-  };
+  let where_clause =
+    if Trait::requires_where_clause() { where_clause } else { None };
 
   Ok(quote! {
     #asserts
@@ -364,9 +533,12 @@ fn add_trait_marker(generics: &mut syn::Generics, trait_name: &syn::Path) {
   let type_params = generics
     .type_params()
     .map(|param| &param.ident)
-    .map(|param| syn::parse_quote!(
+    .map(|param| {
+      syn::parse_quote!(
         #param: #trait_name
-    )).collect::<Vec<syn::WherePredicate>>();
+      )
+    })
+    .collect::<Vec<syn::WherePredicate>>();
 
   generics.make_where_clause().predicates.extend(type_params);
 }

derive/src/traits.rs

@@ -35,6 +35,9 @@ pub trait Derivable {
   fn requires_where_clause() -> bool {
     true
   }
+  fn explicit_bounds_attribute_name() -> Option<&'static str> {
+    None
+  }
 }
 
 pub struct Pod;
@@ -126,6 +129,10 @@ impl Derivable for Zeroable {
       Data::Enum(_) => bail!("Deriving Zeroable is not supported for enums"),
     }
   }
+
+  fn explicit_bounds_attribute_name() -> Option<&'static str> {
+    Some("zeroable")
+  }
 }
 
 pub struct NoUninit;