Work on click train detector help
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<html>
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<head>
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<LINK href="../../../pamHelpStylesheet.css" type="text/css"
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rel="STYLESHEET">
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<title>Click Detector</title>
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</head>
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<body>
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<h1 id="click-train-detector">Click Train Detector</h1>
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<h2 id="overview">Overview</h2>
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<p>When a toothed whale, bat or other echolocator uses echolocation
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for hunting or sensing their surroundings they usually produce regular
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clicks/calls which vary slowly in inter-click/call-interval,
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amplitude, bearing etc. Individual click detections can be difficult
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to classify from other random transients because recieved waveforms
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and spectra are distorted by number of factors, such as narrow beam
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profiles, frequency dependent absorption, propogation effects and
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animal behaviour. The broadband clicks of many dolphins psecies are
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especially difficult to distinguish because they are very similar to
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many other sources of transient noise, such as cavitations from ship
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propellors. However, the echolocation clicks used by toothed whales
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(and bats) are not produced in isolation - animals tend to rapidly
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produce clicks with a slowly varying inter-click-interval (ICI); there
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are very few non-biological sources which produce regular repetitive
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sound and so this provides an additional contextual dimension for
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click classification. An automated algorithm which is based on
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identifying repeating patterns of sounds therefore has the potential
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to be significantly more accurate than an algorithm based on
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identifying individual calls.</p>
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<p>The PAMGuard click train detector module is used to detect and
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then classify repeating patterns of clicks. It is designed to work
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with multiple types of acoustic data, from CPOD detections to single
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channel and multi-channel hydrophone recordings.</p>
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<h2 id="how-it-works">How it works</h2>
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<p>PAMGuard's click train detector utilises both a detection and
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classification stage to extract click trains from recordings.</p>
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<p>The detection stage is currently based on a multi hypothesis
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tracking (MHT) algorithm. This algorithm considers all possible
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combinations of transient detections creating a large hypothesis
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matrix which holds potential click trains. As more clicks are added to
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the hypothesis matrix it grows exponentially and so, to prevent a
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computer running out memory, it is regularly <em>pruned</em> to keep only
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the most likely click trains over time. The assigned likelihood of a
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click train is based on number of properties which can be defined in
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by the user. For example, a user might select, ICI, Amplitude and
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Correlation as variables to score click trains; this would mean that
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combinations of clicks with slowly changing ICI, amplitude and
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waveforms would be favoured by the algorithm and stay in the
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hypothesis matrix. Other properties such as bearing, click length and
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peak frequency can also be selected. A graphical explanation of the
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click train detection algorithm is shown in Figure 1 and a more
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detailed explanation of the be found in Macaulay (2019).</p>
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<p align="center">
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<img width="930" height="900" src="resources/mht_diagram.png">
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</p>
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<p>
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<em>Diagram demonstrating how the click train algorithm works.
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Black dots are a set of 14 detected clicks at times t1 to t14. The
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click train algorithm begins at click 1 and creates two possible
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clicks trains, one that includes the first click (filled circle) and
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the other in which the click is not part of the click train
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(non-filled circle). The algorithm then moves to the next click and
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adds it to the hypothesis matrix. As the number of clicks increases,
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the hypothesis matrix exponentially expands in size and must be
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pruned. After a minimum of Npmin clicks (in this case 4) each track
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hypothesis (possible click train) is assigned a Χ<sup>2</sup> score.
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The track hypothesis with lowest score (defined by larger coloured
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circles) has it's branch traced back Np (in this case 3) clicks.
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Any track hypothesis which do not include the click Np steps back are
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pruned (defined by the double lines). Clicks which share no click
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associations with the first track hypothesis are then pruned and the
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process repeats until all clicks are part of a track or a maximum
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number of tracks have been considered (in this example there are two
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tracks). The algorithm then moves to the next click, adds it to the
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hypothesis matrix, assigns Χ<sup>2</sup> scores and traces the
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lowest Χ<sup>2</sup> branch Np steps back, pruning the hypothesis
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matrix again; the process repeats until the last click. Note that
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there is always a track hypothesis with no associated clicks (i.e.
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the bottom-most branch where no clicks belong to a click train). If a
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track hypothesis is confirmed and thus removed from the hypothesis
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matrix, then this track can be used to start another click train
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</em>
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</p>
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<p>The advantage of this MHT approach is that the click train
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detection module is quite general and can cope with a large variety of
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complex situations and multiple overlapping click trains. The
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disadvantage is that there are a large number of potential variables
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which can be set that affect the performance of the detector which can
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make it complex to initially set up.</p>
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<p>The subsequent classification stage attempts to classify
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detected click trains to species. Classification is currently based on
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a series of relatively simple binary classification steps but there is
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scope for machine learning approaches in future versions. The binary
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classification is based on parameters such as number of detected
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clicks, the mean and standard deviation in ICI and bearing and the
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correlation of the average spectrum of the click train with a
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predefined spectral template.</p>
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<p>A click train which has been both detected and classified is
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saved to PAMGuard's database and can be reclassified in PAMGuard's
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viewer mode.</p>
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<h2 id="configuring-the-click-train-detector">Configuring the
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click train detector</h2>
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<p>The primary settings to configure can be split into MHT Kernel
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and Χ<sup>2</sup> settings, these are all set in the primary click train
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detector dialog as shown in Figure 2.</p>
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<p align="center">
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<img width="850" height="700" src="resources/detection_pane.png">
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</p>
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<p>
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<em>The settings pane of the click train detector.</em>
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</p>
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<h3 id="mht-kernel-settings">MHT Kernel Settings</h3>
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<p>The MHT Kernel is the part of the detection algorithm which
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creates and then prunes the large hypothesis matrix which keeps a copy
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of all possible click trains. MHT Kernel settings are therefore
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important because they influence speed (a larger number of possible
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click trains in memory is more processor intensive) and the quality of
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the detections (the larger the number of possibilities the more likely
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that <em>true</em> click trains are contained in the hypothesis matrix).
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The specific settings are;</p>
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<p>
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<strong><em>Prune-back</em></strong>: The hypothesis matrix needs
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pruned so that it does not grow exponentially and cause memory issues.
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The matrix is pruned at Np (see Figure 1) previous detections i.e. if
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Np is 5 then then then the algorithm selects the most likely click
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train, moves back five detections back and discards other hypothesis
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that do not contain the combination of clicks in that branch. Thus,
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increasing the prune-back means that more hypothesis are kept at any
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one time but decreasing will lead to faster processing times as less
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combination are kept in memory.
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</p>
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<p>
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<strong><em>Prune-start</em></strong>: The initial number of
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detections before the pruning process starts. This cannot be less than
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Prune-back and should generally should be set no more than 15 for 8GB
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of memory.
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</p>
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<p>
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<strong><em>Max no. coasts</em></strong>: A click train is saved and
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removed the hypothesis mix once it has passed a number of tests. It
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must be over three clicks long, survive the pruning process and have
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missed the max no. coasts. A coast is when a click has been missed
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from a click train based on ICI. i.e. if the ICI is 2s and a click
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train goes for 6s without a detected click then there have been 3
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coasts. Increasing the maximum number of coasts means that click
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trains are less fragmented but can come at the cost of keeping click
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trains in the hypothesis matrix for longer which have ended.
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</p>
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<p>
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<strong><em>Max no. trains</em></strong>: This is a maximum allowed
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number of trains in the hypothesis mix. Note this refers to the number
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of trains which can survive pruning - the actual number of potential
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click trains in the hypothesis mix will be much larger. Generally,
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just via pruning, the hypothesis matrix will keep itself below the max
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no. trains, however, in certain situations it can grow too large and
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requires a limit. The max no. trains therefore usually have little
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effect on results but should generally be set to less than 50 to
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ensure smooth processing
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</p>
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<h3 id="-sup-2-sup-settings">
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Χ<sup>2</sup> Settings
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</h3>
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<p>
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Χ<sup>2</sup> is a measure of the likelihood that a click train is
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from a (usually) biological source. The higher the Χ<sup>2</sup>
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value the lower the quality of a click train.
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</p>
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<p>
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The Χ<sup>2</sup> model used in the click train detector considers
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both the slowly varying properties of click trains, as well as bonus
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and penalty factors to discourage fragmentation and aliasing
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(selecting a multiple of the true ICI) of detected click trains.
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</p>
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<p>The initial basis of the model is:</p>
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<p align="center">
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<img width="550" height="100" src="resources/mht_equation.png">
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</p>
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<p>
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where <em>m</em> is the number of selected descriptors, e.g. ICI,
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amplitude, bearing etc., and <em>y(i,k)</em> is the measurement of
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descriptor <em>i</em> for click <em>k</em> in a click train with n
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associated clicks. <em>t(k+1)</em> is the measured time of a click <em>k</em>.
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Each descriptor is divided by q<sub>i</sub> which is a user tuneable
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parameter that alters the importance each descriptor has on the total
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Χ<sup>2</sup>. Ideally it should correspond to a prediction of the
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likely variance of the descriptor.
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</p>
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<p>
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The descriptors can be enabled and the variance set in the Χ<sup>2</sup>
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Settings pane. The toggle button next to each descriptor sets whether
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a descriptor is used to score a click train and the variance is then
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set using the slider or by inputting manually by clicking the settings
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cog. Increasing the variance means that the descriptor has less of an
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influence on the calculation of Χ<sup>2</sup> and decreasing means
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that the descriptor has a larger influence on Χ<sup>2</sup>. In some
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cases, clicks can be so close together that the variance is tiny and
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thus Χ<sup>2</sup> becomes huge e.g. during buzzes. A minimum
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variance value (<em>qt<sub>i</sub></em>) prevents the variance <em>(max¡(q<sub>i</sub>
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(t<sub>(k+1)</sub>-t<sub>k</sub> ),qt<sub>i</sub> )<sup>2</sup>)
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</em> from falling below very low values.
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</p>
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<p>Ideally the variance for each parameter would be calculated from
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a test dataset of manually annotated click trains e.g. by calculating
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the variance of ICI of all marked click trains.</p>
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<p align="center">
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<img width="900" height="120" src="resources/varience_pane.png">
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</p>
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<p>
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<em>Each descriptor has a variance setting which can be changed
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by moving the slider or manually inputting data by clicking the
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settings button. Variance is multiplied by the ICI for each click
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detection because clicks closer together in time the descriptor
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values will change less. In some cases, clicks can be so close
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together that the variance is tiny and thus Χ<sup>2</sup> in Eq. 1
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becomes huge e.g. during buzzes. A Min. Error prevents the variance
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from falling below very low values.
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</em>
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</p>
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<p>The available descriptors parameters can be set in the click
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detector settings pane (Figure 3) and works as follows;</p>
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<p>
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<strong><em>IDI:</em></strong> the inter-detection-interval in
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milliseconds. The algorithm looks for slowly changes in the interval
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between detections.
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</p>
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<p>
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<strong><em>Amplitude:</em></strong> the amplitude in dB re 1μPa pp.
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The algorithm looks for slowly changing amplitude values. Note that
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the algorithm is comparing the change in change in amplitude so that
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the click train algorithm is not biased against large but consistent
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changes in amplitude (e.g. due to a narrow beam profile sweeping
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across a hydrophone).
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</p>
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<p>
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<strong><em>Bearing:</em></strong> the bearing of multi-channel clicks
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in degrees. Slowly changing bearings will increase the likelihood that
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click trains are detected. Note that in a similar way to Amplitude,
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the change in change in bearing is considered so that the algorithm is
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not biased against large but consistent changes in bearings. The
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bearing parameter has some additional settings which apply a large
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penalty to clicks trains if there is a large (user-defined) jump in
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bearing.
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</p>
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<p>
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<strong><em>Correlation:</em></strong> the algorithm calculates the
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peak of the cross-correlation value of subsequent clicks and looks for
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slowly changing values in the cross-correlation value. This tells the
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click train algorithm to search for clicks with consistent/slowly
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changing spectra. The correlation descriptor also has some additional
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settings which allow the user to pre-filter waveforms before
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cross-correlation. This is especially useful in removing noise from
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higher frequency detections.
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</p>
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<p>
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<strong><em>Time Delays:</em></strong> the time delay between
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multi-channel clicks in milliseconds. The algorithm looks for slowly
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changing values in the time delays between multichannel clicks. This
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is useful for arrays with more than two hydrophones where an error in
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a single time delay measurement may cause a substantial error in
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bearing. Like amplitude and bearing, the time delay values are the
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change in change in time delays between subsequent clicks to ensure
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that click trains are not biased against faster changes in bearing.
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</p>
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<p>
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<strong><em>Click Length:</em></strong> the length of the saved
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waveform of a click in milliseconds. This is a crude measure of the
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length of a click; however, it can be useful in helping the algorithm
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distinguish between species with long multi-modal clicks such as sperm
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whales, and much shorter broadband clicks such as dolphins.
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</p>
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<p>
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<strong><em>Peak Frequency:</em></strong> the peak frequency in Hz.
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The peak frequency between subsequent clicks is used score click
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trains. This is useful for click trains with very stable peak
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frequencies such as echosounders, narrow band high frequency species
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and perhaps some beaked whale species.
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</p>
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<h3 id="advanced-sup-2-sup-settings">
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Advanced Χ<sup>2</sup> Settings
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</h3>
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<p>The descriptors used in Eq. 1 on their own do not provide a good
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score for click train detections. This is because Eq.1 can achieve the
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same score by either skipping clicks e.g. every second click in a
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click train, or by splitting click trains into smaller fragments.</p>
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<p align="center">
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<img width="500" height="350" src="resources/advanced_pane.png">
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</p>
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<p>
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<em>The advanced settings for calculating Χ^2. These parameters
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are primarily used to prevent click train aliasing and fragmentation.
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The advanced settings (see Figure 4) are a series of additional
|
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factors that prevent aliasing and fragmentation and work as flows.</em>
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</p>
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<p>
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<strong><em>Low ICI Bonus:</em></strong> if the median ICI of the
|
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possible click train is above a specified maximum value, a large
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penalty is added which effectively makes it one of the least likely
|
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click trains in the hypothesis matrix. If the median ICI is below the
|
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maximum value then Χ<sup>2</sup> = (Χ<sup>2</sup> (I/(max<sub>k</sub><em>I<sub>k</sub>))<sup>LI</sup>
|
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where I is the median ICI, max<sub>k</sub>
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</em>I<sub>k</sub> is the maximum ICI in the possible click train and LI is
|
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the low ICI Bonus constant term. This bonus term favours lower ICI
|
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values, preventing aliased click trains.
|
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</p>
|
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<p>
|
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<strong><em>Long track bonus:</em></strong> add a bonus factor for
|
||||
longer click trains to prevent fragmentation. This is the total length
|
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of the click train in seconds divided by the total hypothesis matrix
|
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time in seconds L which is then multiplied so that Χ<sup>2</sup> =
|
||||
(Χ<sup>2</sup>*L)<sup>LT</sup> where LT is the long track bonus.
|
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</p>
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<strong><em>Coast penalty:</em></strong> add a penalty for
|
||||
'coasting' i.e. when an expected click, based on ICI, is not
|
||||
present in the click train. This penalty is multiplied by the number
|
||||
of coasts i.e. the likely number of missed clicks based on ICI
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<strong><em>New Track Penalty:</em></strong> if a track hypothesis is
|
||||
newly added in the hypothesis matrix, then add a minor penalty factor.
|
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This is added until the number of click trains exceeds No. New Track
|
||||
Clicks
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<h2 id="classification">Classification</h2>
|
||||
<p>The classification process attempts to assign a species
|
||||
identification to each detected click trains. Currently there is only
|
||||
one implemented classifier, a simple binary classifier which tests
|
||||
user defined parameters (e.g. IDI, bearing, spectral correlation and
|
||||
classifies each click). Classification parameters are accessed via the
|
||||
classification tab in the settings dialog.</p>
|
||||
<p>There is currently a basic spectral correlation/IDI/bearing
|
||||
classifier; more complex classifiers can be implemented in the future.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p align="center">
|
||||
<img width="510" height="800" src="resources/classifier_pane.png">
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<em>The classifier settings. Users can add multiple classifiers
|
||||
using the + button next to the classifier tabs. Each classifier
|
||||
allows the user to choose a number of different approaches to
|
||||
classification based on the goodness of fit, inter-click interval,
|
||||
average spectra and bearings of the click trains. Users can use just
|
||||
one or all of these options and set specific parameters for each.</em>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p>Users can add multiple classifiers by selecting the + button
|
||||
next to the classification tabs. Each classifier allows the user to
|
||||
choose a number of different methods for click train classification
|
||||
based on the goodness of fit, inter-click interval, average spectra
|
||||
and/or bearings of the click trains; for a click train to be
|
||||
classified it must pass all enabled methods (use toggle switches to
|
||||
enable and disable different types of classification). The different
|
||||
classification methods.</p>
|
||||
<h3 id="-sup-2-sup-threshold-classifier">
|
||||
Χ<sup>2</sup> threshold classifier
|
||||
</h3>
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
The click train is classified if it's overall Χ<sup>2</sup> value
|
||||
is lower than the set Χ<sup>2</sup> Threshold and it has more than
|
||||
Min. Clicks and the time between the first and last click is greater
|
||||
than Min. Time
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<h3 id="idi-classifier">IDI Classifier</h3>
|
||||
<p>The click train is classified if the median/mean and standard
|
||||
deviation in the inter detection interval (IDI) between subsequent
|
||||
clicks are within user defined limits.</p>
|
||||
<h3 id="spectrum-template-classifier">Spectrum Template Classifier</h3>
|
||||
<p>The click train is classified if the average spectra of the
|
||||
click train has a correlation value above Spectrum Correlation
|
||||
Threshold with a user defined spectral template. The template can be
|
||||
set using the button on the top right of the spectrum plot – a
|
||||
default spectrum can be loaded or a spectrum can be loaded from a .mat
|
||||
or .csv file. A csv file should have the first row as the spectrum and
|
||||
first column of the second row the sample rate. A .mat file should be
|
||||
a single saved structure with sR (sample rate) and spectrum (array of
|
||||
spectrum values) fields.</p>
|
||||
<h3 id="bearing-classifier">Bearing Classifier</h3>
|
||||
<p>The click train is classified if minimum and maximum bearing
|
||||
(Bearing Limits) the average change in bearing (° Bearing Mean), the
|
||||
median change in bearing (° Bearing Median) and/or the average
|
||||
standard deviation in bearing change (° Bearing Std) are within user
|
||||
defined limits.</p>
|
||||
<h2 id="parametrising-the-classifier">Parametrising the classifier</h2>
|
||||
<p>Each classifier has a set of metadata that are added to click
|
||||
trains. This can be accessed through the tooltip or right click menus
|
||||
in various displays. For example, in the Time Base Display FX hover
|
||||
the mouse over a click train or bring the pop menu with a right click.
|
||||
Parameters such as the spectral correlation value, IDI and bearing
|
||||
information etc are displayed which allows users to get an idea of
|
||||
which values to set for the classifier. Currently this requires (like
|
||||
most PAMGuard classifiers) a trial and error approach. It is hoped
|
||||
that future update will allow manually validated data to be used to
|
||||
parametrise both the detection and classification stage of the click
|
||||
train detector.</p>
|
||||
<p align="center">
|
||||
<img width="700" height="500" src="resources/rightclickmenu.png">
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<em>The metadata associated with each classifier is stored with
|
||||
every click train and be accessed through right clicking on or
|
||||
hovering the mouse over a click train detection.</em>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<h2 id="localisation">Localisation</h2>
|
||||
<p>The click train detector can be used to localise the position of
|
||||
animals detected by the click train detector using target motion
|
||||
analysis. This generally means that the localisation capabilities are
|
||||
generally restricted to data which has been collected using towed
|
||||
hydrophone arrays.</p>
|
||||
<p align="center">
|
||||
<img width="242" height="430" src="resources/localisation1.png">
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<em>Screenshot of the click train localisation settings.
|
||||
Currently, only target motion is supported.</em>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p>Localisation is enabled by ticking Localise click trains. The
|
||||
type of localisation algorithm which is used is selected in the
|
||||
Localisation algorithms (See the localisation section in PAMGuard help
|
||||
for more info on localisation algorithms). Localisation using 3D
|
||||
simplex and MCMC can be processor intensive, especially when there are
|
||||
a large number of clicks in a train and so the Algorithm Limits pane
|
||||
can be used to set a maximum number of input clicks for a
|
||||
localisation. If the maximum is exceeded then clicks are sub sampled
|
||||
from the click train evenly in time.</p>
|
||||
<p>Generally, target motion localisation only works well when there
|
||||
are a large number of clicks over a long time period. The Filters tab
|
||||
allows users to select which click trains are localised and also to
|
||||
remove spurious results from unsuccessful localisations. The Pre
|
||||
Localisation Filter allows users to select a minimum number of
|
||||
detections before localisations are attempted and a minimum bearing
|
||||
change in the click train (Min Angle range). Click trains with larger
|
||||
angle ranges will generally result in higher quality localisations.</p>
|
||||
<p align="center">
|
||||
<img width="242" height="430" src="resources/localisation2.png">
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<em>The filter tab allows users to pre-filter which click train
|
||||
are localised.</em>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
The Results Filter allows for spurious localisation results to be
|
||||
deleted: any results from target motion localisation (which can have
|
||||
more than one possible localisation) which are further away than
|
||||
Maximum Range, shallower than Minimum Depth or deeper than Maximum
|
||||
Depth are discarded.<br>Running The click train detector can be
|
||||
run in real time or post processing. In real time add the module and
|
||||
it will automatically detected click trains once PAMGuard started.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p align="center">
|
||||
<img width="200" height="300" src="resources/offlineprocessing.png">
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<em>The filter tab allows users to pre-filter which click train
|
||||
are localised.</em>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p>In viewer mode, add the module and then go to Settings>Click
|
||||
Train Detector > Reanalyse click trains.This will bring up
|
||||
PAMGuard's generic data reprocessing dialog with two settings, Click
|
||||
Train Detector or Click Train Classifier. The Click Train Detector
|
||||
option will run the detection and classification algorithm again. The
|
||||
Click Train Classifier will only run the classification algorithm on
|
||||
existing detected click trains (much faster). Note that users can
|
||||
select how much data to reprocess in the Data dropdown menu. All
|
||||
Data means the entire dataset will be reprocessed, Loaded Data means
|
||||
just the current data loaded in the display (all scrollable data),
|
||||
Select Data allows the user to define two time limits between which
|
||||
all data is reprocessed.</p>
|
||||
<h2 id="visualising-results">Visualising Results</h2>
|
||||
<p>The results from the click train detector can be visualised in a
|
||||
variety of displays in PAMGuard.</p>
|
||||
<h3 id="click-bearing-time-display">Click bearing time display</h3>
|
||||
<p>By default, clicks trains will be shown in the Click Detector
|
||||
Module's in built bearing time display. Different click trains are
|
||||
represented as different colours. Note that you must right click on
|
||||
the display and select Colour by Click Trains</p>
|
||||
<p align="center">
|
||||
<img width="940" height="500" src="resources/clicktrain_BT.png">
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<em>The results of the click train detector displayed on the
|
||||
bearing time display. Different colours correspond to different click
|
||||
trains.</em>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<h3 id="time-display-fx">Time Display FX</h3>
|
||||
<p>The Time Display FX is a more modern display which allows any
|
||||
time-based data to be plotted together on a large variety of y-axis
|
||||
(e.g., frequency, bearing, amplitude etc.). Click trains will be
|
||||
plotted on the time-based display by adding Click detections to the
|
||||
display and then using the right</p>
|
||||
<p align="center">
|
||||
<img width="940" height="500" src="resources/clicktrain_TDFX.png">
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<em>Click train data displayed in the time display FX. Users can
|
||||
right click on click trains to view average spectra and waterfall
|
||||
spectrograms (shown here in top right).</em>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<p CLASS="previousLink">
|
||||
<a href=""></a>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p CLASS="nextLink">
|
||||
<a href="ClickDetector_clickDetectorDisplays.html">Next: Click
|
||||
Detector Displays </a>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<br>
|
||||
<br>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>
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@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ public class Pamguard {
|
||||
Thread folderSizeThread = new Thread(folderSizeMon);
|
||||
folderSizeThread.start();
|
||||
|
||||
TimeZone.setDefault(PamCalendar.defaultTimeZone);
|
||||
// TimeZone.setDefault(PamCalendar.defaultTimeZone);
|
||||
|
||||
System.out.println("**********************************************************");
|
||||
try {
|
||||
|